''Bolma'' is a genus of medium to large

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s with a calcareous operculum,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Bolma Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138603 on 2014-08-12

Fossil records

The genus is known from the Eocene to the

Recent The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together ...

periods (age range: from 33.9 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found in France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Vanuatu, Guam, Cyprus, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, New Zealand, Australia and Tonga. There are about 5 extinct species.

Description

The central teeth of the

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps. The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...

s rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

Distribution

This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the Red Sea, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the South China Sea, the

East China Sea The East China Sea is an arm of the Western Pacific Ocean, located directly offshore from East China. It covers an area of roughly . The sea’s northern extension between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula is the Yellow Sea, separated b ...

, and off South Africa, Indo-China, the Philippines,

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

, Indonesia,

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

, New Zealand and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

(New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).

Species

According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus ''Bolma'' : * ''

Bolma anacanthos ''Bolma anacanthos'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinit ...

'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma andersoni ''Bolma andersoni'', common name Anderson's star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca call ...

'' (E.A. Smith, 1902) * ''

Bolma aureola ''Bolma aureola'', common name the golden turbo shell or the scaly star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma aureola'' (Hedley, 1907). Accessed through ...

'' (Hedley, 1907) * ''

Bolma austroconica ''Bolma austroconica'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affin ...

'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma bartschii ''Bolma bartschii'' , common name Bartsch's star bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma bartschii'' Dall, 1913. Accessed ...

'' Dall, 1913 * '' Bolma bathyraphis'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * ''

Bolma boucheti ''Bolma boucheti'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma boucheti'' Alf & Kreipl, 2011. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www ...

'' Alf & Kreipl, 2011 * ''

Bolma castelinae ''Bolma castelinae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma castelinae'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''

Bolma crassigranosa ''Bolma crassigranosa'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This ...

'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * ''

Bolma exotica ''Bolma exotica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises ...

'' (Okutani, 1969) * ''

Bolma flava ''Bolma flava'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises s ...

'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma flindersi ''Bolma flindersi'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This clas ...

'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * ''

Bolma fuscolineata ''Bolma fuscolineata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The height of the shell varies between 7.8 mm and 9.4 mm, its diameter between 8.9 mm and 9 ...

'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * ''

Bolma girgyllus ''Bolma girgyllus'',Beu A.G. & Ponder W.F. (1979) A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 32(1): 1–68. 1 May 1979 available online at http://web1.australianmuseum.net.au/Uploa ...

'' (Reeve, 1861) * ''

Bolma granosa ''Bolma granosa'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Borson, 1821 * ''

Bolma guttata ''Bolma guttata'', common name the sandpaper bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma guttata'' (A. Adams, 1863). Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' (A. Adams, 1863) * ''

Bolma henica ''Bolma henica'', common name the deep sea star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma henica'' (Watson, 1885). Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...

'' (Watson, 1885) * '' Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * '' Bolma johnstoni'' (Odhner, 1923) * ''

Bolma kermadecensis ''Bolma kermadecensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class com ...

'' Beau & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma kiharai ''Bolma kiharai'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma kiharai'' Kosuge, 1986. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marines ...

'' Kosuge, 1986 * ''

Bolma kreipli ''Bolma kreipli'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma kreipli'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''

Bolma maestratii ''Bolma maestratii'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description Distribution This marine species occurs off the Austral Islands and French Polynesia Refere ...

'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * ''

Bolma mainbaza ''Bolma mainbaza'' is a species of sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma mainbaza'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010. Accessed through: World ...

'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''

Bolma marshalli ''Bolma marshalli'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This clas ...

'' Thomson, 1908 * ''

Bolma martinae ''Bolma martinae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class compris ...

'' Kreipl & Alf, 2005 * ''

Bolma massieri ''Bolma massieri'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprise ...

'' Bozzetti, 1992 * ''

Bolma meynardi ''Bolma meynardi'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Michelotti, 1847 * '' Bolma microconcha'' Kosuge, 1985 * ''

Bolma midwayensis ''Bolma midwayensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma midwayensis'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) * ''

Bolma millegranosa ''Bolma millegranosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma millegranosa'' (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...

'' Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 * ''

Bolma minuta ''Bolma minuta'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Distribution This species occurs in the Red Sea. References minuta This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used ...

'' Neubert, 1998 * ''

Bolma minutiradiosa ''Bolma minutiradiosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class co ...

'' Kosuge, 1983 * ''

Bolma modesta ''Bolma modesta'', common name the modest bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 33 mm and 55 mm. The imperforate, ...

'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''

Bolma myrica ''Bolma kiharai'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma kiharai'' Kosuge, 1986. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marines ...

'' Okutani, 2001 * ''

Bolma opaoana ''Bolma opaoana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma opaoana'' Bouchet & Métivier, 1983. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http: ...

'' Bouchet & Métivier, 1983 * ''

Bolma persica ''Bolma persica'', common name the peach bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 40 mm. Its color pattern ...

'' (Dall, 1907) * ''

Bolma pseudobathyraphis ''Bolma pseudobathyraphis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''

Bolma recens ''Bolma recens'' is a large sea snail with a calcareous operculum, a marine gastropod mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...

Dell Dell is an American based technology company. It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies. Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data ...

, 1967 * ''

Bolma rugosa ''Bolma rugosa'' is a species of large sea snail with a calcareous operculum, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2014). Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *''

Bolma sabinae ''Bolma sabinae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The height of the shell attains 16.2 mm, its diameter 19.1 mm. The coniform shell consists of five wh ...

'' Alf & Kreipl, 2004 * ''

Bolma somaliensis ''Bolma somaliensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma somaliensis'' Beu & Ponder, 1979. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:/ ...

'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma tamikoana ''Bolma tamikoana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma tamikoana'' (Shikama, 1973). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.ma ...

'' (Shikama, 1973) * ''

Bolma tantalea ''Bolma tantalea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprise ...

'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''

Bolma tayloriana ''Bolma tayloriana'', common name Taylor's star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma tayloriana'' (E. A. Smith, 1880). Accessed through: ...

'' (E.A. Smith, 1880) * ''

Bolma venusta ''Bolma venusta'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma venusta'' (Okutani, 1964). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http ...

'' (Okutani, 1969) ; Species brought into synonymy : * ''Bolma christianeae'' Nolf, 2005 : synonym of ''Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * ''Bolma clemenceae'' Bozzetti, 2010: synonym of ''Bolma recens'' (Dell, 1967) * ''Bolma erectospina'' Kosuge, 1983: synonym of ''Bolma persica'' (Dall, 1907) * ''Bolma formosana'' (Shikama, 1977): synonym of ''Bolma millegranosa'' (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958) * ''Bolma macandrewii'' (Mørch, 1868): synonym of ''

Anadema macandrewii ''Anadema macandrewii'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Colloniidae, Description The umbilicate, reddish yellow shell has an ovate-conoid, trochiform shape. It is thick, slightly elevated, and below subdep ...

'' (Mörch, 1868) * ''Bolma sunderlandi'' Petuch, 1987: synonym of ''

Cantrainea sunderlandi ''Cantrainea sunderlandi'' is a species of small sea snail with calcareous opercula, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Colloniidae.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Cantrainea sunderlandi'' (Petuch, 1987). Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' (Petuch, 1987) The following species are also included in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS : Bolma
/ref> * 'Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola'' (DALL, 1925) Bolma erectospinosa 002

References

* Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale, 4: 117 * Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19 * Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27 * Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373
Beu A. G. & Ponder W. F. (1979). ''A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)''. Records of the Australian Museum 32 (1): 1-68
* Williams, S.T. (2007). ''Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae)''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592 *Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) ''The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990''. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104-245.

External links

* Biodiversity occurrence data provided by: (Accessed through GBIF Data Portal, www.gbif.net, 2009-10-1

Beu A.G. & Ponder W.F. (1979) ''A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)''. Records of the Australian Museum 32(1): 1-68.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3168347 Bolma, Turbinidae Gastropod genera Extant Eocene first appearances