Bolitophila Acuta
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''Bolitophila'' is the sole living genus in the Bolitophilidae, a
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of
Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advance ...
in the superfamily
Sciaroidea Sciaroidea is a superfamily in the infraorder Bibionomorpha. There are about 16 families and more than 15,000 described species in Sciaroidea. Most of its constituent families are various gnats (e.g. fungus gnats). Description As nematoce ...
, with around 40
Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. Th ...
and about 20
Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America ...
species, and three species from the Oriental region (Taiwan). They are small (6–9 mm).


Biology

The larvae of ''Bolitophila'' are mycetophagous and live in decaying wood or other organic debris overgrown by fungal plant substrates. Pupation takes place inside the fungal mycelium in soil or litter. Adults prefer shady and humid environments and can be found in the undergrowth of mixed forests, often near watercourses.


Evolutionary history

The oldest fossils belonging to ''Bolitophila'' are known from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...
, with ''Bolitophila warreni'' known from the
Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage (stratigraphy), stage or age (geology), age in the Eocene. It spans the time between . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it ...
aged
Kishenehn Formation The Kishenehn Formation is a Paleogene stratigraphic unit in Montana. Fossil amiiforme and teleost fish have been found in outcrops of the formation's Coal Creek Member in Glacier National Park. Mosquitos have also been found in the Coal Creek Me ...
in
Montana Montana ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota to the east, South Dakota to the southeast, Wyoming to the south, an ...
and ''Bolitophila rohdendorfi'' known from
Baltic amber Baltic amber or succinite is amber from the Baltic region, home of its largest known deposits. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that this forested region provided the re ...
. The closest known relative to ''Bolitophila'' and only other known member of the family is the extinct genus ''
Mangas Manges (; Greek: μάγκες ; sing.: mangas , μάγκας ) is the name of a social group in the Belle Époque era's counterculture of Greece (especially of the great urban centers of Athens and Piraeus). The nearest English equivalent to the t ...
,'' known from the
Lower Cretaceous Lower may refer to: * ''Lower'' (album), 2025 album by Benjamin Booker * Lower (surname) * Lower Township, New Jersey *Lower Receiver (firearms) * Lower Wick Gloucestershire, England See also * Nizhny {{Disambiguation ...
(
Aptian The Aptian is an age (geology), age in the geologic timescale or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous, Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or series (stratigraphy), S ...
) aged Gurvan-Eren Formation of Mongolia and the Khasurty locality of
Buryatia Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. To its nort ...
, Russia.


Species

*'' B. acuta'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. affinis'' Ostroverkhova, 1971 *'' B. alberta'' Fisher, 1937 *'' B. antennata'' Ševčik & Papp, 2004 *'' B. aperta'' Lundström, 1914 *'' B. atlantica'' Fisher, 1934 *'' B. austriaca'' (Mayer, 1950) *'' B. basicornis'' (Mayer, 1951) *'' B. bilobata'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. bimaculata''
Zetterstedt Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Swedish naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera. Biography Zetterstedt studied at the University of Lund, where he was a pupil of Anders Jahan Retzius. He receiv ...
, 1838
*'' B. bispinosa'' Mayer, 1951 *'' B. bucera'' Shaw, 1940 *'' B. caspersi'' Plassmann, 1987 *'' B. cinerea''
Meigen Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera. Life Early years Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha ...
, 1818
*'' B. clavata'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. collarti'' (Tollet, 1943) *'' B. connectans'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. cooremani'' (Tollet, 1955) *'' B. coronata'' Mayer, 1951 *'' B. curviseta'' Ostroverkhova, 1979 *'' B. disjuncta'' Loew, 1869 *'' B. distus'' Fisher, 1937 *'' B. doerrsteini'' Plassmann, 1988 *'' B. dubia'' Siebke, 1863 *'' B. dubiosa'' Van Duzee, 1928 *'' B. duplus'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. edwardsiana''
Stackelberg __NOTOC__ Stackelberg is a surname, mainly known as the surname of a noble family of Baltic German descent (see Stackelberg family). Notable people with the surname include: A *Adolphe Stackelberg (1822–1871), Swedish count and Christian reviva ...
, 1969
*'' B. exilis'' (Kovalev, 1986) *'' B. fumida'' Edwards, 1941 *'' B. fusca''
Meigen Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera. Life Early years Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha ...
, 1818
*'' B. glabrata'' Loew, 1869 *'' B. glabratella'' Mayer, 1951 *'' B. hybrida'' (
Meigen Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera. Life Early years Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha ...
, 1804)
*'' B. incisa'' Ostroverkhova & Grishina, 1974 *'' B. ingrica''
Stackelberg __NOTOC__ Stackelberg is a surname, mainly known as the surname of a noble family of Baltic German descent (see Stackelberg family). Notable people with the surname include: A *Adolphe Stackelberg (1822–1871), Swedish count and Christian reviva ...
, 1969
*'' B. japonica'' (Okada, 1934) *'' B. latipes'' Tollet, 1943 *'' B. lengersdorfi'' (Tollet, 1955) *'' B. leruthi'' (Tollet, 1955) *'' B. limitis'' Polevoi, 1996 *'' B. luteola'' Plotnikova, 1962 *'' B. maculipennis'' Mayer, 1951 *'' B. maculipennis''
Walker Walker or The Walker may refer to: People *Walker (given name) *Walker (surname) *Walker (Brazilian footballer) (born 1982), Brazilian footballer Places In the United States *Walker, Arizona, in Yavapai County *Walker, Mono County, California * ...
, 1835
*'' B. mayeri'' Plassmann, 1987 *'' B. melanoleuci'' Polevoi, 1996 *'' B. miki'' (Mayer, 1950) *'' B. modesta'' Lackschewitz, 1937 *'' B. montana'' Coquillett, 1901 *'' B. nana'' ( Macquart, 1826) *'' B. nigrolineata'' Landrock, 1912 *'' B. obscurior''
Stackelberg __NOTOC__ Stackelberg is a surname, mainly known as the surname of a noble family of Baltic German descent (see Stackelberg family). Notable people with the surname include: A *Adolphe Stackelberg (1822–1871), Swedish count and Christian reviva ...
, 1969
*'' B. occlusa'' Edwards, 1913 *'' B. palustris'' Ostroverkhova, 1979 *'' B. patulosa'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. perlata'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. plumicornis'' (Mayer, 1951) *'' B. pseudohybrida'' Landrock, 1912 *'' B. raca'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. rectangulata'' Lundström, 1913 *'' B. recurva'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. rossica'' Landrock, 1912 *'' B. saundersii'' (
Curtis Curtis or Curtiss is a common English given name and surname of Anglo-Norman origin, deriving from the Old French ''curteis'' (Modern French">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of Fren ...
, 1836)
*'' B. scherfi'' Plassmann, 1970 *'' B. sibirica'' (Ostroverkhova, 1979) *'' B. simplex'' Garrett, 1925 *'' B. spelaeicola'' Tollet, 1955 *'' B. spinigera'' Edwards, 1925 *'' B. subbimaculata'' Zaitzev, 1994 *'' B. subteresa'' (Garrett, 1925) *'' B. taihybrida'' Ševčik & Papp, 2004 *'' B. tarsata'' Mayer, 1951 *'' B. tarsatiformis'' Ostroverkhova, 1979 *'' B. tenella'' Winnertz, 1863 *'' B. triangulata'' Edwards, 1941 *'' B. trullata'' Lundström, 1916 *'' B. tungusica'' Ostroverkhova, 1979


Morphology


References


Further reading

*Amorim D. S. & Rindal E., 2007 Phylogeny of the Mycetophiliformia, with proposal of the subfamilies Heterotrichinae, Ohakuneinae, and Chiletrichinae for the Rangomaramidae (Diptera, Bibionomorpha). ''Zootaxa'' 1535: 1–92. *Hutson A.M., Ackland, D.M., & Kidd, L.N. (1980) Diptera: Mycetophilidae. ''
Royal Entomological Society of London The Royal Entomological Society is a learned society devoted to the study of insects. It aims to disseminate information about insects and to improve communication between entomologists. The society was founded in 1833 as the Entomological S ...
Handbook'' 9(3). *Plassmann E., 1988 Bolitophilidae, in Soós A. & Papp L. (eds), ''Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera''. Volume 3. Ceratopogonidae — Mycetophilidae. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest: 193–196. * Séguy, E. (1940) Diptères: Nématocères. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 36
BibliothequeVirtuelleNumerique
*Søli, G.E.E., Vockeroth J.R., & Matile L. (2000) "Families of Sciaroidea." in Papp, L. & Darvas B. (eds) ''Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera'' (with Special Reference to Flies of Economic Importance). Budapest: Science Herald, pp. 49–92. * Séguy, E. (1940) Diptères: Nématocères. Paris: Éditions ''Faune de France'' 3
BibliothequeVirtuelleNumerique


External links


Fungus gnats online
{{Taxonbar, from=Q744882 Sciaroidea Sciaroidea genera Kishenehn Formation Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen