''Bolinus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of sea snails,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Muricidae Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or rock snails. With about 1,600 living species, the Muricidae represent almost 10% of the Ne ...

, the murex snails or rock snails. This genus is known in the fossil record from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...

to the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 Fossilworks
/ref> Some species of these molluscs were known since ancient times as a source for

purple Purple is any of a variety of colors with hue between red and blue. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purples are produced by mixing red and blue light. In the RYB color model historically used by painters, ...

dye and also as a popular food source.

Description

Muricidae - Bolinus brandaris torularius

The adult shells of ''Bolinus'' species can reach a size of about . They are usually pale or golden brown, thick and spiny with a long and straight siphonal canal and a rounded and broad body whorl. They are carnivorous and predatory

Distribution

Snails within this genus mainly live along the Atlantic coast of Africa and in the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...

Habitat

They inhabit shallow water and prefer gravelled or rocky substrate.

Species

Species within the genus ''Bolinus'' include: * ''

Bolinus brandaris ''Bolinus brandaris'' (originally called ''Murex brandaris'' by Linnaeus and also Haustellum brandaris), and commonly known as the purple dye murex or the spiny dye-murex, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, an edible marine gastr ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * '' Bolinus cornutus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) Bolinus Brandaris Nivea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882 brandaris form trispinosus Locard 1886 Bolinus brandaris longispinus Coen 1914 brandaris form coronatus brandaris form trituberculatus brandaris form bicaudatus brandaris form cagliaritanus brandaris form brevis brandaris form polii brandaris form elongata brandaris form coronatus x polii brandaris form varicosus brandaris form rubiginosus Stigwan & Fabiod 2019

References

* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp. * Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213

External links

Pusch, G. G. (1836-1837). Polens Paläontologie, oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der vorzüglichsten und der noch unbeschriebenen Petrefakten aus den Gebirgsformationen in Polen, Volhynien und den Karpathen, nebst einigen allgemeinen Beiträgen zur Petrefaktenkunde und einem Versuch zur Vervollständigung der Geschichte des Europäischen Auer-Ochsen. E. Schweizerbart's Verlagshandlung. Stuttgart. pp. 1-80, pl. 1-10 [1836], pp. 81-218, pl. 11-15

Jousseaume, F. P. (1880). Division méthodique de la famille des Purpuridés. Le Naturaliste. 2(42): 335-338
Muricidae Extant Miocene first appearances {{Muricidae-stub