The Boeing XB-15 (Boeing 294) was a United States
bomber
A bomber is a military combat aircraft that utilizes
air-to-ground weaponry to drop bombs, launch aerial torpedo, torpedoes, or deploy air-launched cruise missiles.
There are two major classifications of bomber: strategic and tactical. Strateg ...
aircraft designed in 1934 as a test for the
United States Army Air Corps
The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1926 and 1941. After World War I, as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare, a philosophical ri ...
(USAAC) to see if it would be possible to build a
heavy bomber
Heavy bombers are bomber Fixed-wing aircraft, aircraft capable of delivering the largest payload of air-to-ground weaponry (usually Aerial bomb, bombs) and longest range (aeronautics), range (takeoff to landing) of their era. Archetypal heavy ...
with a range. For a year beginning in mid-1935 it was designated the XBLR-1. When it first flew in 1937, it was the most massive and voluminous airplane ever built in the US. It set a number of load-to-altitude records for land-based aircraft, including carrying a payload to on 30 July 1939.
The aircraft's immense size allowed flight engineers to enter the wing through a crawlway and make minor repairs in flight. A flight took 33 hours at its cruising speed; the crew was made up of several shifts, and bunks allowed them to sleep when off duty.
Design and development

The specification that produced the XB-15 began in mid-1933 as "Project A", USAAC discussions regarding the possibility of flying a very large bomber with a range of .
[ In April 1934, the USAAC contracted with Boeing and ]Martin Martin may refer to:
Places Antarctica
* Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land
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* Point Martin, South Orkney Islands
Europe
* Martin, Croatia, a village
* Martin, Slovakia, a city
* Martín del Río, Aragón, Spain
* M ...
to design a bomber capable of carrying at over a distance of 5,000 miles.[Moy 2001]
pp. 70–72.
/ref> Boeing gave the project the internal name of Model 294, while the USAAC called it the XB-15. Martin's design, the XB-16, was judged inferior by the USAAC before a prototype was built, and was canceled.[
The Boeing design team, headed by Jack Kylstra, initially intended the aircraft to use Allison V-3420 liquid-cooled ]W engine
A W engine is a type of piston engine where three or four cylinder banks share the same crankshaft, resembling the letter "W" when viewed from the front.
W engines with three banks of cylinders are also called "broad arrow" engines, due to thei ...
s; since these were not ready, Pratt & Whitney
Pratt & Whitney is an American aerospace manufacturer with global service operations. It is a subsidiary of RTX Corporation (formerly Raytheon Technologies). Pratt & Whitney's aircraft engines are widely used in both civil aviation (especially ...
R-1830 Twin Wasp air-cooled radial engine
The radial engine is a reciprocating engine, reciprocating type internal combustion engine, internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinder (engine), cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. ...
s were used instead.[Yenne 2005]
p. 43.
/ref>
Starting in August 1934, Boeing began designing the Model 299 in answer to a proposal by the USAAC to replace the Martin B-10 bomber. The Model 299 design team incorporated elements of the Boeing 247 and the Model 294, especially its use of four engines.[Moy 2001, p. 73.] The Model 299 design team worked alongside Klystra's team, but difficulties in fabricating such a large aircraft slowed progress on the 294.[ The Model 299 flew first, on 28 July 1935.]
In mid-1935, the USAAC combined Project A with Project D; a proposal asking for "the maximum feasible range into the future." The combined program was designated BLR for "Bomber, Long Range". The XB-15 was renamed the XBLR-1; it was joined under the BLR program by two other projects: one from Douglas Aircraft, the XBLR-2 which later became the XB-19; and one from Sikorsky Aircraft
Sikorsky Aircraft is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford, Connecticut. It was established by the Russian-American aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky in 1923, and was among the first companies to manufacture helicopters for civilian ...
called the XBLR-3, later canceled. The next year, the XBLR designation was dropped and the Boeing prototype was once again the XB-15.[
Unusual features that the XB-15 pioneered included an ]autopilot
An autopilot is a system used to control the path of a vehicle without requiring constant manual control by a human operator. Autopilots do not replace human operators. Instead, the autopilot assists the operator's control of the vehicle, allow ...
, deicing
De-icing is the process of removing snow, ice or frost from a surface. Anti-icing is the application of chemicals that not only de-ice but also remain on a surface and continue to delay the reformation of ice for a certain period of time, or pr ...
equipment, and two gasoline generators used as auxiliary power units (independent of the main engines) to power the 110-volt electrical system. The main engines were serviceable in flight using an access tunnel inside the wing. The aircraft contained a sizable crew compartment with bunkbeds, a galley
A galley is a type of ship optimised for propulsion by oars. Galleys were historically used for naval warfare, warfare, Maritime transport, trade, and piracy mostly in the seas surrounding Europe. It developed in the Mediterranean world during ...
and a lavatory. Finally, in September 1937, construction was finished, and it first flew on 15 October. Its double-wheel main landing gear
Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft that is used for taxiing, takeoff or landing. For aircraft, it is generally needed for all three of these. It was also formerly called ''alighting gear'' by some manufacturers, s ...
remained down from takeoff to landing. On 2 December 1937, the XB-15 flew from Seattle to Wright Field in Ohio to be accepted by the USAAC for testing.[
With the Twin Wasp radial engines installed — the same number and type of engines fitted to the later ]Consolidated B-24 Liberator
The Consolidated B-24 Liberator is an American heavy bomber, designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, California. It was known within the company as the Model 32, and some initial production aircraft were laid down as export models desi ...
, with individual turbochargers added on the Liberators' Twin Wasp powerplants — the specified speed of for the Twin Wasp-powered XB-15 was not quite reached even when the aircraft was empty; the best speed attained in level flight was .[ Loaded with the specified , the maximum speed was a disappointing .][ This was considered too slow for a combat aircraft, and the project was abandoned.][Boniface 1999, pp. 64–67.] However, Boeing engineers projected that the prototype would be capable of carrying the heaviest air cargo to date: a load of .[
The design challenges stemming from the great size of the XB-15 were difficult to master, but the lessons learned by Boeing were later applied to the Model 314 flying boat, which essentially used the XB-15's wing design][ with four of the more powerful Wright Twin Cyclone fourteen-cylinder radials for power. In 1938, the USAAC proposed to update the XB-15 to make the slightly larger Y1B-20, again using four Wright Twin Cyclones as with the Boeing 314, but the ]Secretary of War
The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the ...
, Harry Hines Woodring, canceled the project before construction began, in favor of the expensive Douglas XB-19. Boeing went ahead with an internal redesign of the XB-15 called Model 316, a very heavy bomber with a high wing, a pressurized cabin and tricycle gear. The Model 316 was not built. The progression of design work starting with the XB-15 finally bore fruit with the Model 345 presented to the USAAC in May 1940, the very heavy bomber which resulted in the USAAF's Boeing B-29 Superfortress
The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a retired American four-engined propeller-driven heavy bomber, designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War. Named in allusion to its predecessor, the Bo ...
.[
]
Operational history
The single prototype was assigned to the 2nd Bombardment Group at Langley Field, Virginia. Following the 24 January 1939 Chillán earthquake
The 1939 Chillán earthquake occurred in south-central Chile on 24 January with a surface-wave magnitude of 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extreme''). With a death toll of around 28,000, compared to the 2,231–6,000 (official estim ...
in Chile, the prototype flew a relief mission, carrying medical supplies. Commanded by Major Caleb V. Haynes, the aircraft carried of American Red Cross
The American National Red Cross is a Nonprofit organization, nonprofit Humanitarianism, humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief, and disaster preparedness education in the United States. Clara Barton founded ...
emergency supplies to Santiago
Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile (), is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is located in the country's central valley and is the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Regi ...
, making only two stops along the way, at France Field in the Panama Canal Zone
The Panama Canal Zone (), also known as just the Canal Zone, was a International zone#Concessions, concession of the United States located in the Isthmus of Panama that existed from 1903 to 1979. It consisted of the Panama Canal and an area gene ...
, and at Lima, Peru
Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
.[Haulman, Daniel L.''One Hundred Years of Flight: USAF Chronology of Significant Air and Space Events 1903–2002.'' Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air Force History and Museums Program, Air University Press, 2003.][ Haynes was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Order of the Merit of Chile, and the whole crew earned the MacKay Trophy.][
Haynes piloted the XB-15 again on 10 June 1939 to return home the body of Mexican flier Francisco Sarabia who had died in a crash in the ]Potomac River
The Potomac River () is in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and flows from the Potomac Highlands in West Virginia to Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. It is long,U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography D ...
. After flying back from Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and finan ...
, Haynes and his copilot William D. Old undertook flight tests at Wright Field with heavy loads. The XB-15 lifted a payload to a height of , and to , setting two world records for landplanes.[Maurer 1987, pp. 304–307, 355–360, 405–406.] Haynes was awarded certificates issued by the National Aeronautics Association
The National Aeronautic Association of the United States (NAA) is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization and a founding member of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Founded in 1905, it is the oldest national aviation club in the Un ...
(NAA) for an international record for "the greatest payload carried to an altitude of 2,000 meters". The XB-15 was not fast for a bomber but it was the fastest aircraft that could carry so much weight, and for such distances. In July 1939, Haynes received certificates from the NAA for an international speed record with a payload. The latter performance also established a national closed circuit distance record of .[
Flying from Langley, the XB-15 arrived at Albrook Field in Panama on 10 April 1940 and immediately began classified bombing tests of canal lock protections, commanded by Haynes and including Captain ]Curtis LeMay
Curtis Emerson LeMay (November 15, 1906 – October 1, 1990) was a United States Air Force, US Air Force General (United States), general who was a key American military commander during the Cold War. He served as Chief of Staff of the United St ...
as navigator and Lieutenant John B. Montgomery as bombardier.[ Of 150 bombs dropped, only three hit the target: a specially made bunker simulating a reinforced machine room. The few hits nevertheless led to improvements in bunker design.][ In early May, Haynes and LeMay made a survey flight from Panama over the Galapagos islands, the inspection including ]Baltra Island
Baltra Island () is a small island in the Galápagos Archipelago in Ecuador. It is a small flat island located near the center of the chain and includes Seymour Airport (GPS), originally established by the United States Air Force to help monito ...
. Haynes piloted the XB-15 back to the United States, leaving Panama on 11 May 1940.[
In late 1940, the XB-15's defensive guns were removed at Duncan Field in Texas. Seats were attached so that ]Lend Lease
Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States (), aircraft ferry crews could be returned after delivery.[
]
Cargo aircraft
On 6 May 1943, the Army Air Forces converted the only prototype into a transport
Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional Motion, movement of humans, animals, and cargo, goods from one location to another. Mode of transport, Modes of transport include aviation, air, land tr ...
, the aircraft being redesignated XC-105. A cargo hoist was mounted, and cargo doors fitted. Its maximum gross weight was increased to .[ By this time, the aircraft was nicknamed "Grandpappy" by 20th Troop Carrier Squadron airmen.][Millam, Ed S. Jr."Grandpappy". ''AAHS Journal'' (American Aviation Historical Society), Volume 50, 2005, pp. 46–54.] It displayed nose art depicting an elephant carrying a large crate on its back labeled "supplies".[ During ]World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the XC-105 carried freight and personnel to and from Florida, and throughout the Caribbean
The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...
, based out of Albrook Field beginning in June 1943. Hundreds of young women were flown in "Grandpappy" from Miami to the Canal Zone to engage in US government work; these trips were dubbed the "Georgia Peach Run".[ "Grandpappy" traveled to the Galapagos, landing on Baltra Island at the same airfield built following the XB-15 aerial survey of May 1940.][
"Grandpappy′s" flight crew, reduced to six men, described the aircraft as difficult to fly and service. Two fires and a complete failure of the electrical system occurred in the air.][Kohn 200]
pp. 43–44.
/ref>[ The aircraft was retired on 18 December 1944, assigned to Panama Air Depot.][ In June 1945, it was ordered to be scrapped at Albrook Field in Panama,][ its engines and internal parts removed along with its ]vertical stabilizer
A vertical stabilizer or tail fin is the static part of the vertical tail of an aircraft. The term is commonly applied to the assembly of both this fixed surface and one or more movable rudders hinged to it. Their role is to provide control, sta ...
and rudder
A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, airship, or other vehicle that moves through a fluid medium (usually air or water). On an airplane, the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw ...
. The remaining airframe was deposited at Diablo dump, a swampy landfill southwest of the runway, where it slowly sank from sight.[Liang, Susan Hall]
"Grandpappy's dead and buried, but he's not forgotten."
''The Panama Canal Spillway,'' 19 October 1979, p. 3. Retrieved: 26 May 2012. Hosted by the University of Florida Digital Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries.[ Squatters built shacks on stilts in the swamp, covering the remains. The former dump is now an industrial area, with "Grandpappy" underneath.][
During its 18 months of transport service, the XC-105 carried more than 5,200 passengers, of cargo and of mail. It flew 70 cargo trips and 60 missions including anti-submarine patrol. Unusually, the aircraft was consistently referred to as "he" by its crew.][Bouché, Georges G. " 'Grandpappy'-The XB-15." ''Aerospace Historian,'' Air Force Historical Foundation, Volume 26, Number 3, September 1979, pp. 171–181.]
Operators
;
* United States Army Air Corps
The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1926 and 1941. After World War I, as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare, a philosophical ri ...
: 2d Bombardment Group
* United States Army Air Forces
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
: 20th Troop Carrier Squadron
Specifications (XB-15)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
* Boniface, Patrick. "Boeing's Forgotten Monster: XB-15 a Giant in Search of a Cause." '' Air Enthusiast,'' No. 79, January–February 1999. pp. 64–67.
* Bowers, Peter M. ''Boeing Aircraft since 1916''. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1989. .
* Kohn, Leo. "Boeing XB-15 Super Flying Fortress: U.S. Heavy Bomber". In Ray Merriam. "U. S. Warplanes of World War II." ''World War II Journal,'' 69. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press, 2002. .
* Maurer, Maurer. ''Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939''. Washington, D.C.: United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, 1987. .
* Moy, Timothy. ''War Machines: Transforming Technologies in the U.S. Military, 1920–1940'' (Texas A&M University Military History Series, 71)."] College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2001. .
* Swanborough, F. Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Military aircraft since 1909''. London: Putnam, 1963.
* Yenne, Bill. ''The Story of the Boeing Company''. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2005. .
External links
Boeing's description of the XB-15
USAF Museum description of XB-15
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Aircraft first flown in 1937
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