Monadofilosa is a grouping of

Cercozoa Cercozoa (now synonymised with Filosa) is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead united by phylogeny, molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or Ubiqu ...

. (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being

Endomyxa Endomyxa is a group of eukaryotic organisms in the supergroup Rhizaria. They were initially a subphylum of Cercozoa and later a subphylum of Retaria, but several analyses have proven they are a phylogenetically separate lineage, and Endomyxa is ...

and

Reticulofilosa Reticulofilosa is a grouping of Rhizaria. It includes Chlorarachnea The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of exclusively marine algae widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters. They are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria ...

.) These organisms are single-celled amoeboid

protist A protist ( ) or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus. Protists do not form a natural group, or clade, but are a paraphyletic grouping of all descendants of the last eukaryotic common ancest ...

Classification

Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum. Monadofilosa includes the

testate amoebae Testate amoebae (formerly thecamoebians, Testacea or Thecamoeba) are a polyphyletic group of unicellular amoeboid protists, which differ from naked amoebae in the presence of a test (biology), test that partially encloses the cell, with an apert ...

known as "testaceans", and the cercomonads. It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea. It has also been described as

Sarcomonadea The sarcomonads () or class (biology), class Sarcomonadea are a group of amoeboid biciliate protists in the phylum Cercozoa. They are characterized by a propensity to move through gliding on their posterior cilium or through filopodia, a lack of ...

(''

Cercomonas Cercomonads are small amoeboflagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, b ...

, Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion''),

Thecofilosea Thecofilosea is a class of unicellular testate amoebae belonging to the phylum Cercozoa. They are amoeboflagellates, organisms with flagella and pseudopodia, distinguished from other cercozoa by their scale-lacking test composed of organic materi ...

(''

Cryptodifflugia ''Cryptodifflugia'' is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae. It contains all the species previously grouped as the genus ''Difflugiella'', which is now a synonym of ''Cryptodifflugia''. Description ''Cryptodifflugia'' species are characteriz ...

, Cryothecomonas''),

Spongomonadea The spongomonads are a group of flagellated protists in the phylum Cercozoa Cercozoa (now synonymised with Filosa) is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and ar ...

(''

Spongomonas The spongomonads are a group of flagellated protists in the phylum Cercozoa Cercozoa (now synonymised with Filosa) is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and ar ...

Rhipidodendron The spongomonads are a group of flagellated protists in the phylum Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they compose the family Sarcomonadidae and order Sarcomonadida. They were originally placed among the Reticulofilosa, but were later transferred to Mona ...

''), and

Imbricatea Imbricatea is a class of Rhizaria characterised by silica scales. It is sometimes described as "Imbricatea/Silicofilosea", due to the similarity of those two groupings. Imbricatea is divided into the Order (biology), orders Euglyphida and Thaumat ...

('' Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus,

Euglypha ''Euglypha'' is a genus of cercozoa. It includes the species ''Euglypha rotunda''. References External links

* * Imbricatea Rhizaria genera {{Cercozoa-stub ...

Trinema ''Trinema'' is a genus of testate amoeba in the phylum Cercozoa. It includes the species '' Trinema lineare''. Species of ''Trinema'' are common in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Description ''Trinema'' is a testate amoeba: a type of amo ...

Paulinella ''Paulinella'' is a genus of at least eleven species including both freshwater and marine amoeboids. Like many members of euglyphids it is covered by rows of siliceous scales, and use filose pseudopods to crawl over the substrate of the benthi ...

''). * The testaceans live both in marine and freshwater habitats, and in mosses. Members include ''

Lecythium ''Lecythium'' is a genus of testate amoebae Testate amoebae (formerly thecamoebians, Testacea or Thecamoeba) are a polyphyletic group of unicellular amoeboid protists, which differ from naked amoebae in the presence of a test (biology), test ...

'', ''

Pseudodifflugia ''Pseudodifflugia'' is a genus of Endomyxa. It was described in 1845. References Rhizaria genera {{Cercozoa-stub ...

'', ''

Euglypha ''Euglypha'' is a genus of cercozoa. It includes the species ''Euglypha rotunda''. References External links

* * Imbricatea Rhizaria genera {{Cercozoa-stub ...

'' (a

euglyphid The euglyphids are a prominent group of filose amoebae that produce shells or tests that in most described species is reinforced by siliceous scales, plates, and sometimes spines, but this reinforcement is absent in other species. These element ...

), and ''

chromatophora''. * Cercomonads are

flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the ...

s that glide on their posterior

cilium The cilium (: cilia; ; in Medieval Latin and in anatomy, ''cilium'') is a short hair-like membrane protrusion from many types of eukaryotic cell. (Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea.) The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike pr ...

and/or generate

filopodia Filopodia (: filopodium) are slender cytoplasmic projections that extend beyond the leading edge of lamellipodia in migrating cells. Within the lamellipodium, actin ribs are known as ''microspikes'', and when they extend beyond the lamellipod ...

. Members of this group contain '' Cryothecomonas'', '' Thaumatomonas'', which is covered with siliceous scales, and ''

'', which is naked. ''Cercomonas'' contains several species that show exhibit amoeboid movement, such as the testate amoeba ''

Cyphoderia ''Cyphoderia'' is a genus of marine cercozoa. It used to include ''Cyphoderia margaritacea'', which is now considered a synonym for ''C. ampulla''. References

* Imbricatea Rhizaria genera {{Cercozoa-stub ...

'', and the flagellate '' Cryothecomonas''. ''Sainouron'' has been grouped in Monadofilosa.

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009, Howe et al. 2011 and Bass et al. 2016.

Taxonomy

* Infraphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 oglissa Cavalier-Smiths 2012ref name="Cavalier-Smith 2017"> ** Family ?

Katabiidae ''Katabia'' is a genus of soil-dwelling heterotrophic flagellate cercozoans containing the single species ''Katabia gromovi'', and the only member of family Katabiidae. Morphology ''Katabia'' are drop-shaped unicellular flagellates with a broa ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Order ? Pseudodimorphida ** Order

Cercomonadida Cercomonads are small amoeboflagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria ...

Poche 1913 emend. Karpov et al. 2006 ** Class Helkesea Cavalier-Smith 2017 *** Order Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith 2011 *** Order Helkesida Cavalier-Smith 2017 ainourida** Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007 *** Order Metromonadida Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2004 emend. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 *** Order Metopiida Cavalier-Smith 2003 ** Clade Glissomonadida-Pansomonadida *** Order

Pseudosporida ''Pseudospora'' is a genus of parasitic cercozoans. It includes the species ''Pseudospora volvocis''. Taxonomy * Order Pseudosporida Hibberd 1983 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993 ** Family Pseudosporidae Kent 1880 emend. Berlese 1888 *** Genus ''Pseu ...

Hibberd 1983 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993 *** Order Dimorphida Siemensma 1991 ndonucleoplastiales*** Order

Glissomonadida The glissomonads are a group of bacterivorous gliding flagellated protists that compose the order Glissomonadida, in the amoeboflagellate phylum Cercozoa. They comprise a vast, largely undescribed diversity of soil and freshwater organisms. They ...

Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 emend. Hess et al. 2013 *** Order Pansomonadida Vickerman 2005 ** Superclass

Ventrifilosa Ventrifilosa () is a highly diverse group of phagotrophic protists that gliding motility, glide through their flagella and emit Filose pseudopodia, filose pseudopods from their ventral side for feeding. Because of their mixture of amoeba and flage ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Class

Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011 ripylea Hertwig 1879**** Order ?

Hemimastigida Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironematellidae, first identified in 1988, and the Paramastigidae. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various bran ...

Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 **** Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Family ? Botuliformidae ***** Order Matazida Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Order

Ebriid The Ebriales (see taxobox for synonyms) is a group of phagotrophic flagellate eukaryotes present in marine coastal plankton communities worldwide. '' Ebria tripartita'' is one of two (possibly four) described extant species in the Ebriales. Memb ...

a Poche briales Honigsberg 1964; Stereotestales***** Order Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 ryothecomonadida**** Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Order

Tectofilosida The tectofilosids are a group of filose amoebae with shells. These are composed of organic materials and sometimes collected debris, in contrast to the euglyphids, which produce shells from siliceous scales. The shell usually has a single open ...

Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003 ***** Infraclass

Phaeodaria Phaeodarea or Phaeodaria is a group of amoeboid cercozoan organisms. They are traditionally considered radiolarians, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the Cercozoa. They a ...

Haeckel 1879 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012 ****** Order

Eodarida Phaeodarea or Phaeodaria is a group of amoeboid cercozoan organisms. They are traditionally considered radiolarians, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the Cercozoa. They a ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Opaloconchida Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Class

Silicofilosea Imbricatea is a class of Rhizaria characterised by silica scales. It is sometimes described as "Imbricatea/Silicofilosea", due to the similarity of those two groupings. Imbricatea is divided into the orders Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: ...

Adl et al. 2005 emend. Adl et al. 2012 mbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011**** Subclass Placoperla Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990 ***** Superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Zoelucasida Cavalier-Smith 2014 ****** Order

Rotosphaerida The nucleariids, or nucleariid amoebae, are a group of amoebae that compose the sister clade of the fungi. Together, they form the clade Holomycota. They are aquatic organisms found in freshwater and marine habitats, as well as in faeces. They a ...

Rainer 1968 ****** Order

Thaumatomonadida Thaumatomonadida is an order of flagellates A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagellum, flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) c ...

Shirkina 1987 **** Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Order ? Discocelida Cavalier-Smith 1997 ***** Order ? Discomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2014 ***** Superorder Euglyphia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order

Euglyphida The euglyphids are a prominent group of filose amoebae that produce shells or tests that in most described species is reinforced by siliceous scales, plates, and sometimes spines, but this reinforcement is absent in other species. These eleme ...

Copeland 1956 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997 uglyphina Bovee 1985***** Superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Variglissida Cavalier-Smith 2014 lautriaviida; Nudifilida****** Order Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011 uranticordida

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18647895 Rhizaria taxa Superclasses (biology)