Monadofilosa is a grouping of

Cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major ...

. (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being Phytomyxa and

Reticulofilosa Reticulofilosa is a grouping of Rhizaria. It includes Chlorarachnea (''Chlorarachnion, Bigelowiella, Lotharella, Cryptochlora, Gymnochlora'') and Proteomyxidea ('' Pseudospora, Leucodictyon, Reticulamoeba, Massisteria ''Massisteria'' is ...

.) These organisms are single-celled amoeboid

protist A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the e ...

Classification

Monadofilosa includes the testaceans, which are testate filose

amoeboid An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; plural ''am(o)ebas'' or ''am(o)ebae'' ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopo ...

s, and the

cercomonad Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, but do no ...

s. It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea. It has also been described as

Sarcomonadea The sarcomonads () or class Sarcomonadea are a group of amoeboid biciliate protists in the phylum Cercozoa. They are characterized by a propensity to move through gliding on their posterior cilium or through filopodia, a lack of scales or ext ...

(''

Cercomonas Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, but do n ...

Heteromita Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, but do n ...

, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion''),

Thecofilosea Thecofilosea is a class of Cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or po ...

(''

Cryptodifflugia ''Cryptodifflugia'' is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae. It contains all the species previously grouped as the genus ''Difflugiella'', which is now a synonym of ''Cryptodifflugia''. Description ''Cryptodifflugia'' species are characteriz ...

Cryothecomonas Cryomonadida is a group of heterotrophic Rhizaria, that belong to the Cercozoa. Characteristics Members of the Cryomonadida are single-celled organisms that are surrounded by a shell comprising layers of organic material. They possess two une ...

''),

Spongomonadea The spongomonads are a group of flagellated protists in the phylum Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they compose the family Sarcomonadidae and order Sarcomonadida. They were originally placed among the Reticulofilosa, but were later transferred to Monad ...

(''

Spongomonas The spongomonads are a group of flagellated protists in the phylum Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they compose the family Sarcomonadidae and order Sarcomonadida. They were originally placed among the Reticulofilosa, but were later transferred to Monad ...

Rhipidodendron The spongomonads are a group of flagellated protists in the phylum Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they compose the family Sarcomonadidae and order Sarcomonadida. They were originally placed among the Reticulofilosa, but were later transferred to Monado ...

''), and

Imbricatea Imbricatea is a class of Rhizaria characterised by silica scales. It is sometimes described as "Imbricatea/Silicofilosea", due to the similarity of those two groupings. Imbricatea is divided into the orders Euglyphida and Thaumatomonadida Thau ...

('' Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus,

Euglypha ''Euglypha'' is a genus of cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or p ...

Trinema ''Trinema'' is a genus of cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or pol ...

Paulinella ''Paulinella'' is a genus of at least eleven species including both freshwater and marine amoeboids. Its most famous members are the three photosynthetic species ''P. chromatophora'', ''P. micropora'' and ''P. longichromatophora'', the first tw ...

''). * The testaceans live both in marine and freshwater habitats, and in mosses. Members include ''

Lecythium ''Lecythium'' is a genus of testate amoebae Testate amoebae (formerly thecamoebians, Testacea or Thecamoeba) are a polyphyletic group of unicellular amoeboid protists, which differ from naked amoebae in the presence of a test that partially en ...

'', ''

Pseudodifflugia ''Pseudodifflugia'' is a genus of Cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin ...

'', ''

'' (a

euglyphid The euglyphids are a prominent group of Filosa, filose amoebae that produce shells or Test (biology), tests from siliceous scales, plates, and sometimes spines. These elements are created within the cell and then assembled on its surface in a mo ...

), and ''

chromatophora''. * Cercomonads are

flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the ...

s that glide on their posterior

cilium The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike proje ...

and/or generate

filopodia Filopodia (singular filopodium) are slender cytoplasmic projections that extend beyond the leading edge of lamellipodia in migrating cells. Within the lamellipodium, actin ribs are known as ''microspikes'', and when they extend beyond the lam ...

. Members of this group contain ''

'', '' Thaumatomonas'', which is covered with siliceous scales, and ''

'', which is naked. ''Cercomonas'' contains several species that show exhibit amoeboid movement, such as the testate amoeba ''

Cyphoderia ''Cyphoderia'' is a genus of marine cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and acti ...

'', and the flagellate ''

''. Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum. ''

Sainouron Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, but do no ...

'' has been grouped in Monadofilosa.

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009, Howe et al. 2011 and Bass et al. 2016.

Taxonomy

* Infraphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 oglissa Cavalier-Smiths 2012ref name="Cavalier-Smith 2017"> ** Family ?

Katabiidae ''Katabia'' is a genus of soil-dwelling heterotrophic flagellate cercozoans containing the single species ''Katabia gromovi'', and the only member of family Katabiidae. Morphology ''Katabia'' are drop-shaped unicellular flagellates with a broa ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Order ? Pseudodimorphida ** Order

Cercomonadida Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils. Characteristics The cells are generally around 10 μm in length, without any shell or covering. They produce filose pseudopods to capture bacteria, but do no ...

Poche 1913 emend. Karpov et al. 2006 ** Class Helkesea Cavalier-Smith 2017 *** Order Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith 2011 *** Order Helkesida Cavalier-Smith 2017 ainourida** Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007 *** Order Metromonadida Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2004 emend. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 *** Order Metopiida Cavalier-Smith 2003 ** Clade Glissomonadida-Pansomonadida *** Order Pseudosporida Hibberd 1983 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993 *** Order

Dimorphida The Heliomonadida (formerly Dimorphida) are a small group of heliozoan amoeboids that are unusual in possessing flagella throughout their life cycle. Classification Genetic studies place them among the Cercozoa, a group including various othe ...

Siemensma 1991 ndonucleoplastiales*** Order

Glissomonadida The glissomonads are a group of bacterivorous gliding motility, gliding flagellated protists that compose the order (biology), order Glissomonadida, in the amoeboflagellate phylum Cercozoa. They comprise a vast, largely undescribed diversity of so ...

Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 emend. Hess et al. 2013 *** Order Pansomonadida Vickerman 2005 ** Superclass

Ventrifilosa Ventrifilosa () is a highly diverse group of phagotrophic protists that glide through their flagella and emit filose pseudopods from their ventral side for feeding. Because of their mixture of amoeba and flagellate characteristics, they are amo ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Class

Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011 ripylea Hertwig 1879**** Order ?

Hemimastigida Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid ''Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform '' Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and ...

Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 **** Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Family ? Botuliformidae ***** Order Matazida Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Order Ebriida Poche briales Honigsberg 1964; Stereotestales***** Order

Cryomonadida Cryomonadida is a group of heterotrophic Rhizaria, that belong to the Cercozoa. Characteristics Members of the Cryomonadida are single-celled organisms that are surrounded by a shell comprising layers of organic material. They possess two unequ ...

Cavalier-Smith 1993 ryothecomonadida**** Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Order

Tectofilosida The tectofilosids are a group of filose amoebae with shells. These are composed of organic materials and sometimes collected debris, in contrast to the euglyphids, which produce shells from siliceous scales. The shell usually has a single openi ...

Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003 ***** Infraclass

Phaeodaria Phaeodarea, or Phaeodaria, is a group of amoeboid cercozoan organisms. They are traditionally considered radiolarians, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the Cercozoa. They ...

Haeckel 1879 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012 ****** Order

Eodarida Phaeodarea, or Phaeodaria, is a group of amoeboid cercozoan organisms. They are traditionally considered radiolarians, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the Cercozoa. They ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order

Opaloconchida Phaeodarea, or Phaeodaria, is a group of amoeboid cercozoan organisms. They are traditionally considered radiolarians, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the Cercozoa. Th ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Class

Silicofilosea Imbricatea is a class of Rhizaria characterised by silica scales. It is sometimes described as "Imbricatea/Silicofilosea", due to the similarity of those two groupings. Imbricatea is divided into the orders Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: ...

Adl et al. 2005 emend. Adl et al. 2012 mbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011**** Subclass Placoperla Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990 ***** Superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Zoelucasida Cavalier-Smith 2014 ****** Order Rotosphaerida Rainer 1968 ****** Order

Thaumatomonadida Thaumatomonadida is an order of flagellates. Taxonomy Order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987 * Genus '' Cowlomonas'' Scoble & Cavalier-Smith 2014 * Genus '' Heterochromonas'' Lee & Patterson 2000 * Family Esquamulidae Shiratori, Yabuki & Ishida 2 ...

Shirkina 1987 **** Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Order ? Discocelida Cavalier-Smith 1997 ***** Order ? Discomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2014 ***** Superorder

Euglyphia Euglyphia can refer to: * Euglyphia (protist) Euglyphia is a group of imbricate protists in the phylum Cercozoa. They are unicellular eukaryotes characterized by a cell body covered in large imbricate scales, and an apical aperture through which ...

Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order

Euglyphida The euglyphids are a prominent group of filose amoebae that produce shells or tests from siliceous scales, plates, and sometimes spines. These elements are created within the cell and then assembled on its surface in a more or less regular arran ...

Copeland 1956 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997 uglyphina Bovee 1985***** Superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith 2012 ****** Order Variglissida Cavalier-Smith 2014 lautriaviida; Nudifilida****** Order Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011 uranticordida

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18647895 Filosa Superclasses (biology)