Bjørn G. Andersen
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Bjørn Grothaug Andersen (23 March 1924,
Stavanger, Norway Stavanger, officially the Stavanger Municipality, is a city and municipalities of Norway, municipality in Norway. It is the third largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway (through conurbation with neighboring Sandnes) and the ...
 â€“ 12 January 2012,xxxxx
Asker Asker (), also called Asker proper (''Askerbygda'' or ''gamle Asker'' in Norwegian), is a district and former Municipalities of Norway, municipality in Akershus, Norway, located approximately 20km southwest of Oslo. From 2020 it is part of the ...
,
Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...
) was a Norwegian
professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other tertiary education, post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin ...
of
Quaternary The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the ...
geology Geology (). is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth ...
and
glaciology Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, clim ...
who made foundational contributions to
glacial geology Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, clim ...
and the understanding of
climate change Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in ...
.


Life and career

Andersen was the son of Knut Severin Andersen b. Grothaug (1882–1948), from
Hornindal Municipality Hornindal is a List of former municipalities of Norway, former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1867 until 1965 and then again from 1977 until its dissolution in 2020. It was located in the Districts ...
in
Nordfjord Nordfjord (—in contrast to Sunnfjord) is a traditional district in Vestland county, Norway. Geography The region is located in the northern part of Vestland county in Western Norway. It centers on the Nordfjorden and it comprises Stad Muni ...
, who was a
gardener A gardener is someone who practices gardening, either professionally or as a hobby. Description A gardener is any person involved in gardening, arguably the oldest occupation, from the hobbyist in a residential garden, the home-owner suppleme ...
in
Stavanger Stavanger, officially the Stavanger Municipality, is a city and municipalities of Norway, municipality in Norway. It is the third largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway (through conurbation with neighboring Sandnes) and the ...
, and Elise Andersen b. Rafoss (1890–1987) from Stavanger (
Kvinesdal Municipality Kvinesdal is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Lister. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Liknes. Other villages in Kvinesdal include Feda, Fjotland, and Storekvina ...
). Because his father was a gardener they had a car, which was rare at the time, and using this they went skiing in the winter and fishing in the summer. He enjoyed going for long skiing tours in the mountains in Stavanger when he was young, and several times he crossed
Trollgaren Trollgarden is a glacial moraine in the municipality of Hjelmeland in Rogaland county, Norway. The moraine is a tall ridge of stones, rocks, and boulders that runs for about from the east side of the lake Kvivatnet across the moorland to the ...
in
Ryfylke Ryfylke is a Districts of Norway, traditional district in the northeastern part of Rogaland county, Norway. The district, encompassing about 60% of the county's area is located northeast of Stavanger and east of Haugesund. It includes the mainla ...
, this marvelous moraine that is appropriate to its name. He wondered how it was formed, and was told by the local farmer that it was really Trolls that had set up the meandering fence of huge boulders, far above the tree line. The curiosity for this natural phenomenon in addition to many others in turn led to his interest for the
Ice Age An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages, and g ...
. In 1951 he married the physiotherapist Astrid E. Kruse Andersen (born 1926). After a Research Fellowship at
Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...
under Richard Foster Flint in 1954–1956, Andersen was a professor of
Quaternary The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the ...
geology Geology (). is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth ...
at the
University of Oslo The University of Oslo (; ) is a public university, public research university located in Oslo, Norway. It is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation#Europe, oldest university in Norway. Originally named the Royal Frederick Univ ...
from 1956 to 1970, then at the
University of Bergen The University of Bergen () is a public university, public research university in Bergen, Norway. As of 2021, the university had over 4,000 employees and 19,000 students. It was established by an act of parliament in 1946 consolidating several sci ...
from 1970 to 1982. Then he returned to the University of Oslo and worked there for 9 years until retirement. He headed the geological institutes both in Oslo and Bergen. He was responsible for the geological education of more than 30 year groups of students, and he continued to participate in academic society until autumn 2011, when he had developed cancer and was in poor health. Andersen was a sought after lecturer and was acclaimed by his students, some of whom he kept in contact with until his death in January 2012.


Contributions to Quaternary geology

At the University of Bergen, Andersen played a central role in building up the study of Quaternary geology. His students and the university benefited from his international contacts and he conducted filed trips to the
Antarctic The Antarctic (, ; commonly ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the South Pole, lying within the Antarctic Circle. It is antipodes, diametrically opposite of the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antar ...
,
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
and
New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...
. Most of all his contribution was to reveal the foundation of
Scandinavia Scandinavia is a subregion#Europe, subregion of northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It can sometimes also ...
n landscapes. Andersen's first expedition to the
South Pole The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the point in the Southern Hemisphere where the Earth's rotation, Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It is called the True South Pole to distinguish ...
came in a period of small Norwegian interest in the Antarctic after the great achievements of
Roald Amundsen Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (, ; ; 16 July 1872 â€“ ) was a Norwegians, Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He was a key figure of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Born in Borge, Østfold, Norway, Am ...
in 1911–1912. Andersen was the second Norwegian to visit the Pole after the Amundsen expedition. An American expedition which reached the Pole a week before him honored his achievements by naming a mountain escarpment
Andersen Escarpment The Andersen Escarpment is a steep rock and snow escarpment located south of Reed Ridge on the west side of the Ford Massif in the Thiel Mountains of Antarctica. The name was proposed by cartographer Peter F. Bermel and geologist Dr. Arthur B. Fo ...
after him. During the fieldworks for his Master's thesis "Om isens tilbaketrekking i området mellom
Lysefjorden Lysefjord or Lysefjorden is a fjord located in the Ryfylke area in Rogaland county in southwestern Norway. The long fjord lies in the municipalities of Strand and Sandnes, about east of the city of Stavanger. The name means ''light fjord'' ...
og
Jøsenfjorden Jøsenfjorden is a fjord in the municipality of Hjelmeland in Rogaland county, Norway. The fjord is a branch off of the main Boknafjorden. The fjord has a length of and a width between . The Norwegian National Road 13 runs along the northern ...
i
Ryfylke Ryfylke is a Districts of Norway, traditional district in the northeastern part of Rogaland county, Norway. The district, encompassing about 60% of the county's area is located northeast of Stavanger and east of Haugesund. It includes the mainla ...
" (On the glacial retreat in the area between the Lysefjorden and Jøsenfjorden in Ryfylke), with
Werner Werenskiold Werner Werenskiold (28 April 1883 – 2 August 1961) was a Norwegian geologist and geographer. He was a son of Erik Werenskiold and visual artist Sophie Marie Stoltenberg Thomesen (1849–1926), and the brother of Dagfin Werenskiold. Werenskio ...
as advisor, he found among other things that
Trollgaren Trollgarden is a glacial moraine in the municipality of Hjelmeland in Rogaland county, Norway. The moraine is a tall ridge of stones, rocks, and boulders that runs for about from the east side of the lake Kvivatnet across the moorland to the ...
was a moraine, and that it was formed in the early
Holocene The Holocene () is the current geologic time scale, geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene to ...
, probably about 11,000 years ago. Here he met his youth curiosity. Andersen broke new ground both methodologically and theoretically with this work. He developed a method for
stereoscopic Stereoscopy, also called stereoscopics or stereo imaging, is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. The word ''stereoscopy'' derives . Any stereoscopic image is ...
analysis of aerial photos in the assessment of
moraine A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and Rock (geology), rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a gla ...
s. During the 1950s and 1960s he assessed the moraines in most of
Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...
, from
Lindesnes Lindesnes () is a List of municipalities of Norway, municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the Traditional districts of Norway, traditional district of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Manda ...
to
Troms Troms (; ; ; ) is a Counties of Norway, county in northern Norway. It borders Finnmark county to the northeast and Nordland county in the southwest. Norrbotten Län in Sweden is located to the south and further southeast is a shorter border with ...
. The assessment of the moraines of
Jæren Jæren is a Districts of Norway, traditional district in Rogaland county, Norway. The other districts in Rogaland are Dalane, Ryfylke, and Haugalandet. Jæren is one of the 15 districts that comprise Western Norway. At about , Jæren is the large ...
and the rest of the south coast of Norway was the basis of his
PhD thesis A thesis (: theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: D ...
"Sørlandet i sen- og postglacial tid" (The Norwegian South Coast in late and postglacial time), under guidance of Olaf Holtedahl, defended in 1960. Andersen discovered an until then unknown area of
Rogaland Rogaland () is a Counties of Norway, county in Western Norway, bordering the North Sea to the west and the counties of Vestland to the north, Telemark to the east and Agder to the east and southeast. As of 1 January 2024, it had a population of 49 ...
containing rock of the
Cambrian The Cambrian ( ) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 51.95 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran period 538.8 Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Ordov ...
-
Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 23.5 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the third and shortest period of t ...
age on a much lower level than the surrounding bedrock. His collected
fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...
es from this area were deposited in the Paleontologic Museum at
Tøyen Tøyen is a residential area in the central parts of Oslo, Norway, part of the borough of Gamle Oslo. Location There are two different stations which carry the name Tøyen. Tøyen Railway Station is located on the Gjøvik Line, while Tøyen (st ...
in Oslo. In this material Professor Gunnar Henningsmoen discovered an until then unknown
trilobite Trilobites (; meaning "three-lobed entities") are extinction, extinct marine arthropods that form the class (biology), class Trilobita. One of the earliest groups of arthropods to appear in the fossil record, trilobites were among the most succ ...
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
, which was given the name (''Ptychparia anderseni'') for Andersen. During this fieldwork in the
Lysefjord Lysefjord or Lysefjorden is a fjord located in the Ryfylke area in Rogaland county in southwestern Norway. The long fjord lies in the municipalities of Strand and Sandnes, about east of the city of Stavanger. The name means ''light fjord'', a ...
area, Andersen developed a method for determination of climatic conditions from the reconstruction of
Ice Age An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages, and g ...
glacier A glacier (; or ) is a persistent body of dense ice, a form of rock, that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires ...
s which is still used by
geologist A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and History of Earth, history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the Field research, ...
s and
geographer A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts. The Greek prefix "geo" means "earth" a ...
s. Andersen's first paper is one of the most basic papers in Norwegian
glacial geology Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, clim ...
, even though it was published before
C-14 dating Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for Chronological dating, determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of carbon-14, radiocarbon, a radioactive Isotop ...
was available. The
Younger Dryas The Younger Dryas (YD, Greenland Stadial GS-1) was a period in Earth's geologic history that occurred circa 12,900 to 11,700 years Before Present (BP). It is primarily known for the sudden or "abrupt" cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, when the ...
glacier of the
Lysefjord Lysefjord or Lysefjorden is a fjord located in the Ryfylke area in Rogaland county in southwestern Norway. The long fjord lies in the municipalities of Strand and Sandnes, about east of the city of Stavanger. The name means ''light fjord'', a ...
was reconstructed in three dimensions and compared with the glaciers in
Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...
today. Further, the highest side moraines were used to determine the equilibrium line of the paleo-glaciers and thus its lowering by comparison with today's glaciers. In this way he was able to estimate the decrease of summer temperature with surprising accuracy. These decreased temperatures were in compliance with the findings of botanist
Knut Fægri Knut Fægri (17 July 1909 – 10 December 2001) was a Norwegian botanist and palaeoecologist. Fægri was born in Bergen. He was the son of Major Ole A. Fægri (1875–1962) and Gudrun Stoltz (1881–1940) and the nephew of the botanist, natura ...
at the Younger Dryas glacier of
Jæren Jæren is a Districts of Norway, traditional district in Rogaland county, Norway. The other districts in Rogaland are Dalane, Ryfylke, and Haugalandet. Jæren is one of the 15 districts that comprise Western Norway. At about , Jæren is the large ...
.


Mountain preservation and hiking

Andersen was an active mountain walker bouth professionally and for leisure. As young he went on hikes together with his father and his older brothers. Later he trawled the mountain wilds with his wife in areas like
Jotunheimen Jotunheimen (; "the home of the Jötunn") is a mountainous area of roughly in southern Norway and is part of the long range known as the Scandinavian Mountains. The 29 highest mountains in Norway are all located in the Jotunheimen mountains, in ...
,
Rondane Rondane National Park () is the oldest national park in Norway, established on 21 December 1962. The park is located in Innlandet county, in the municipalities of Dovre Municipality, Dovre, Folldal Municipality, Folldal, Sel Municipality, Sel, No ...
and
Dovrefjell Dovrefjell is a mountain range in Central Norway that forms a natural barrier between Eastern Norway and Trøndelag. The mountain range is located in Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, and Trøndelag counties in Norway. As a result of its central loca ...
, and professionally, as Quaternary geologist he mapped the major mountain regions in Norway during the 1950s and 1960s. He also had a major part in the preservation efforts in Øvre Pasvik, Saltfjellet–Svartisen, Børgefjell,
Jostedalsbreen Jostedal Glacier or is the largest glacier in continental Europe. It is in Vestland county in Western Norway. Jostedalsbreen lies in the municipalities of Luster, Sogndal, Sunnfjord, and Stryn. The highest peak in the area is Lodalskåpa a ...
and
Hardangervidda Hardangervidda () is a mountain plateau ( Norwegian: ''vidde'') in central southern Norway, covering parts of Vestland, Telemark, and Buskerud counties. It is the largest plateau of its kind in Europe, with a cold year-round alpine climate, and o ...
, among others. His work in these areas was an important input in the struggle for opening the
National parks A national park is a nature park designated for conservation (ethic), conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protecte ...
there.


After retirement

Andersen was a dedicated glaciologist all of his adult life. He accompanied a party of scientists doing field studies in
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
in 1991–99, and in
New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...
in 2000–08, led by the American Quaternary geologist Professor George H. Denton of the
University of Maine The University of Maine (UMaine) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Orono, Maine, United States. It was established in 1865 as the land-grant college of Maine and is the Flagship universitie ...
. These studies led to a series of publications, among them papers in the prestigious international scientific journals ''
Nature Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the Ecosphere (planetary), ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the Scientific law, laws, elements and phenomenon, phenomena of the physic ...
'' and ''
Science Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which stu ...
''. This was in addition to two books on glacial geology, one about the Ice Age in Norway: ''Istider i Norge'', 2000, and an international textbook on the ''Ice Age World'' in 1997. Late summer 2005, Andersen went on a trip to
Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...
together with George Denton and a group of scientists. They wanted to measure the ice coverage in connection to climatic change. In the summer of 2011 Andersen presented the results of the New Zealand research at a geological conference in
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
. There he also discussed the continuation of his Norwegian fieldwork, and in September–October joined a joint Norwegian-US exploratory expedition to Lysefjord led by
Jan Mangerud Jan Mangerud (born 29 November 1937 in Oslo) is a Norwegian geologist who grew up in Lillestrøm, Akershus, and currently lives in Rådal, Bergen. Scientific career Mangerud graduated from the University of Oslo with a Bachelor's degree ( ca ...
and George Denton which investigated the application of a new dating method to the moraines he charted in the 1950s for his Master's.


Honors

*1956: Awarded the
Reusch Medal The Reusch Medal () is a medal awarded by the Norwegian Geological Society to young researchers in recognition of a high-quality treatise on geology. It has been awarded since 4 January 1926 in honor of the geologist Hans Henrik Reusch (1852–1922 ...
for his work on ''Randmorener i Sørvest-Norge''


Selected publications


Scientific publications

*B.G. Andersen, 1954: "Randmorener i Sørvest-Norge". ''
Norwegian Journal of Geography __NOTOC__ ''Norwegian Journal of Geography'' () is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Routledge on behalf of the Norwegian Geographical Society. It covers geographical topics of interest to Norwegian researchers giving equal weight to ...
'' 14(5–6): 273–342. *B.G. Andersen, 1960: ''Sørlandet i sen- og postglacial tid''. Norges geologiske undersøkelse 210. . *B.G. Andersen, 1963: "Deuterium variations relatcd to snow pit stratigraphy in the Thiel Mountains, Antarctica". ''Polarforsch'' 1963 (1/2): 200–201. *B.G. Andersen, 1968: ''Glacial geology of western Troms, North Norway''. Norges geologiske undersøkelse 256. *B.G. Andersen, 1972: ''Quaternary geology at Guolasjav'ri in Troms, North Norway''. Universitetsforlaget, pp. 1–40. *B.G. Andersen, 1975: ''Glacial geology of northern Nordland, North Norway''. Norges geologiske undersøkelse 320. * * * * * * *B.G. Andersen, O.P. Wangen, S.R. Østmo 1987: "Quaternary geology of Jæren and adjacent areas, southwestern Norway''. *B.G. Andersen, & J. Mangerud, 1990: "The last interglacial–glacial cycle in Fennoscandia". ''
Quaternary International ''Quaternary International'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on quaternary science published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union for Quaternary Research. The journal was established in 1989 and covers full spectrum of the physi ...
'' 3–4: 21–29. * * *B.G. Andersen, G.H. Denton, & T.V. Lowell, 1999: "Glacial geomorphological maps of Llanquihue drift in the area of the southern Chilean Lake District". ''
Geografiska Annaler ''Geografiska Annaler'' is a scientific journal published by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography in Stockholm, Sweden. The journal is founded in 1919. Since 1965 the journal is published in two series A and B. Series A deals with ar ...
'' 81A: 155–66, with map portfolio including 9 plates drawn by B.G. Andersen. *D.J.A. Barrell, B.G. Andersen, & G.H. Denton, 2011: ''Glacial geomorphology of the central South Island, New Zealand''. GNS Science monograph 27. including 5 large maps drawn by Andersen, his last maps. * *G.H. Denton, J.G. Bockheim, R.H. Rutford, & B.G. Andersen, 1992: "Chapter 22: Glacial history of the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica". ''Geological Society of America Memoirs'' 170: 403–432. * *N.R. Golledge, A.N. Mackintosh, B.M. Andersona, K.M. Buckley, A.M. Doughtya, D.J.A. Barrellc, G.H. Denton, M.J. Vandergoes, B.G. Andersen, & Joerg M. Schaefer, 2012: "Last Glacial Maximum climate in New Zealand inferred from a modelled Southern Alps icefield". ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' 46: 30–45. * * * O. Holtedahl & B. G. Andersen, 1960: "Glacial map of Norway" in: O. Holtedahl ''et al''., (1960). ''Geology of Norway''. Norges geologiske undersøkelse 208. * *M.R. Kaplan, J.M. Schaefer, G.H. Denton, A. M. Doughty, D.J.A. Barrell, T.J.H. Chinn, A.E. Putnam, B.G. Andersen, A. Mackintosh, R.C. Finkel, R. Schwartz, & B. Anderson 2013: "The anatomy of long-term warming since 15 ka in New Zealand based on net glacier snowline rise". ''
Geology Geology (). is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth ...
'' 41: 887–890. * * * *A.E. Putnam, J.M. Schaefer, G.H. Denton, D.J.A. Barrell, R.C. Finkel, R. Schwartz, B.G. Andersen, T.J.H. Chinn, & A.M. Doughty, 2012: "Regional climate control of glaciers in New Zealand and Europe during the pre-industrial Holocene". ''
Nature Geoscience ''Nature Geoscience'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group. The Chief Editor is Tamara Goldin, who took over from Heike Langenberg in February 2020. It was established in January 2008. Scope The ...
'' 2012 (5): 627–630. *A.E. Putnam, J.M. Schaefer, G.H. Denton, D.J.A. Barrell, S.D. Birkel, B.G. Andersen, M.R. Kaplan, R.C. Finkel, R. Schwartz, & A.M. Doughty, 2013: "The Last Glacial Maximum at 44°S documented by a 10Be moraine chronology at Lake Ohau, Southern Alps of New Zealand". ''Quaternary Science Reviews'' 62: 114–141. *A.E. Putnam, J.M. Schaefer, G.H. Denton, D.J.A. Barrell, B.G. Andersen, T.N.B. Koffmanb, A.V. Rowan, R.C. Finkel, D.H. Roodh, R. Schwartz, M.J. Vandergoes, M.A. Plummer, S.H. Brocklehurst, S.E. Kelley, & K.L. Ladig, 2013: "Warming and glacier recession in the Rakaia valley, Southern Alps of New Zealand, during Heinrich Stadial 1". ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'' 382: 98–110. * *


Books

*B. G. Andersen and L.-K. Königsson (eds.), 1991: ''Late Quaternary Stratigraphy in the Nordic Countries 150,000–15,000 B.P.: the XXIV Uppsala Symposium in Quaternary Geology''. ''Striae'' 34. Uppsala : Societas Upsaliensis Pro Geologia Quaternaria. *Bjørn G. Andersen and Harold W. Borns Jr., 1997: ''The Ice Age World: an introduction to quaternary history and research with emphasis on North America and Northern Europe during the last 2.5 million years''. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. *Bjørn G. Andersen, 2000: ''Ice age Norway: landscapes formed by ice age glaciers''. Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget Universitetsforlaget AS (English: "The University Press"), also known in English as Scandinavian University Press, is a Norway, Norwegian academic publishing company, which publishes non-fiction literature and scholarly journal, journals mainly ...
.


References

;Bibliography * * * * * * * * ;Notes


External links


Professor emeritus Bjørn G. Andersen has passed away: Grand Old Man of the Norwegian Quaternary Geology, Bjørn G. Andersen, died January 12, 2012
by
Jan Mangerud Jan Mangerud (born 29 November 1937 in Oslo) is a Norwegian geologist who grew up in Lillestrøm, Akershus, and currently lives in Rådal, Bergen. Scientific career Mangerud graduated from the University of Oslo with a Bachelor's degree ( ca ...
& Terje Erstad in "På Høyden"
Geoprofiler: En bauta i norsk geologi
by Jan Mangerud at Geoforskning.no (in Norwegian) *
Glacier History of the New Zealand Southern Alps
by George H. Denton at Climate Change Institute at the
University of Maine The University of Maine (UMaine) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Orono, Maine, United States. It was established in 1865 as the land-grant college of Maine and is the Flagship universitie ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Andersen, Bjorn G. Quaternary geologists Norwegian glaciologists 20th-century Norwegian geologists 21st-century Norwegian geologists University of Oslo alumni Norwegian male writers 1924 births 2012 deaths