Bivalvulida is an order of

myxosporea Myxosporea is a class of microscopic animals, all of whom are parasites. They belong to the Myxozoa clade within Cnidaria. They have a complex life cycle that comprises vegetative forms in two hosts—one an aquatic invertebrate (generally an ann ...

n parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' Myxobolus cerebralis'' and ''

Ceratomyxa shasta ''Ceratonova shasta'' (syn. ''Ceratomyxa shasta'') is a myxosporean parasite that infects salmonid fish on the Pacific coast of North America. It was first observed at the Crystal Lake Hatchery, Shasta County, California, and has now been report ...

''. The Myxosporean stages of members of the bivalvulida are characterised by their two spore valves (hence the name), which meet in a "suture line" which encircles the spore. They usually contain two

polar capsule Polar capsules are structures found in the valves of myxosporean parasites, which contain the polar filament. The polar capsule is constructed of a proteinaceous and a polysaccharide layer, both layers of which continue into the polar filament. T ...

s, but species have been reported which contain either one or four.

Taxonomy and systematics

The order Bivalvulida is composed of three suborders and thirteen families. *Suborder Platysporina Kudo, 1919Kudo, R. (1919). Studies on Myxosporidia. A synopsis of genera and species of Myxosporidia. ''Illinois Biological Monographs'', 5. **

Myxobolidae Myxobolidae is a Family (biology), family of myxosporean parasites which typically infect freshwater fishes, and includes the economically significant species, ''Myxobolus cerebralis''. They have been shown to have a complex life cycle, involving ...

Thélohan, 1892Thélohan, P. (1892). Observation sur les myxosporidies et essai de classification de ces organismes. ''Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris'', 4, 165–178. *Suborder Sphaeromyxina Lom & Noble, 1984Lom, J. & Noble, E. R. (1984). Revised classification of the class Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881. ''Folia Parasitologica'', 31, 193–205. **

Sphaeromyxidae ''Sphaeromyxa'' is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Sphaeromyxidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. Species Species: *''Sphaeromyxa arcuata'' *''Sphaeromyxa argentinensis'' *''Sphaeromyxa arte ...

Lom & Noble, 1984 *Suborder Variisporina Lom & Noble, 1984 **

Auerbachiidae Auerbachiidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Bivalvulida Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' ...

Alatasporidae Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' Myxobolus cerebralis'' and '' Ceratomyxa shasta''. The Myxosporean stages of ...

Shulman, Kovaleva & Dubina, 1979Shulman, S. S., Kovaleva, A. A. & Dubina, V. R. (1979). New myxosporidians from fishes of the Atlantic coast of Africa. ''Parazitologiya'', 13, 71–79. **

Ceratomyxidae Ceratomyxidae is a family of myxozoa Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: μύξα ''myxa'' "slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον ''zoon'' "animal") is a subphylum of aquatic cnidarian animals – all obligate parasites. It contains the sma ...

Doflein, 1899Doflein, F. (1899). Amerikanische Dekapoden der k. bayerischen Staatssammlungen. ''Sitzungberichte der mathematisch-physische Klasse der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 29, 177–195. **

Chloromyxidae ''Chloromyxum'' is a genus of parasitic, myxosporean cnidaria Cnidaria ( ) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water, freshwater and marine environments (predominantl ...

Thélohan, 1892 **

Coccomyxidae Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' Myxobolus cerebralis'' and '' Ceratomyxa shasta''. The Myxosporean stages of ...

Léger & Hesse, 1907Léger, L. & Hesse, E. (1907). Sur une nouvelle Myxosporidie parasite de la sardine. ''Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris'', 145, 85–87. **

Fabesporidae Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' Myxobolus cerebralis'' and '' Ceratomyxa shasta''. The Myxosporean stages of ...

Naidenova & Zaika, 1969Naidenova, N. N. & Zaika, W. E. (1969). Two new species of Protozoa from the fishes of the Black Sea. ''Parazitologiya'', 3, 97–101. **

Myxidiidae Myxidiidae is a family of myxozoans. Genera The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genera in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affini ...

Thélohan, 1892 **

Myxobilatidae Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' Myxobolus cerebralis'' and '' Ceratomyxa shasta''. The Myxosporean stages of ...

Shulman, 1953Shulman, S. S. (1953). New and little-studied myxosporids. ''Zoologicheskii Zhurnal'', 32(3), 384–393. **

Ortholineidae ''Ortholinea'' is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Ortholineidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. Species: *''Ortholinea divergens'' *''Ortholinea fluviatilis'' *''Ortholinea gobiusi'' *''Ort ...

Lom & Noble, 1984 **

Parvicapsulidae Parvicapsulidae is a family of myxosporea Myxosporea is a class of microscopic animals, all of whom are parasites. They belong to the Myxozoa clade within Cnidaria. They have a complex life cycle that comprises vegetative forms in two hosts—o ...

Shulman, 1953 **

Sinuolineidae Bivalvulida is an order of myxosporean parasites which contains a number of species which cause economically significant losses to aquaculture and fisheries, such as '' Myxobolus cerebralis'' and '' Ceratomyxa shasta''. The Myxosporean stages of ...

Shulman, 1959Shulman, S. S. (1959). New classification of Myxosporidia. ''Trudy Karel'skogo Filiala Akademii Nauk SSSR, Parazitologiya'', 33–47. **

Sphaerosporidae ''Sphaerospora'' is a genus of parasitic cnidarians Cnidaria ( ) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water, freshwater and marine environments (predominantly the latt ...

Davis, 1917Davis, H. S. (1917). The Myxosporidia of the Beaufort Region. A systematic and biologic study. ''Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries'', 35, 201–243.

Gallery

Drawings and

scanning electron microscopy A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that ...

of species of ''

Chloromyxum ''Chloromyxum'' is a genus of parasitic, myxosporean cnidaria Cnidaria ( ) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water, freshwater and marine environments (predominantl ...

'' Parasite180057-fig1 Chloromyxum atlantoraji SEM.png, ''

Chloromyxum atlantoraji ''Chloromyxum'' is a genus of parasitic, myxosporean cnidarians belonging to the family Chloromyxidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America and Australia. Species: *''Chloromyxum argusi ''Chloromyxum'' is a genus of paras ...

'' Parasite180057-fig2 Chloromyxum atlantoraji drawing.png, ''

'' Parasite180057-fig4 Chloromyxum zearaji drawing.png, ''

Chloromyxum zearaji ''Chloromyxum'' is a genus of parasitic, myxosporean cnidarians belonging to the family Chloromyxidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America and Australia. Species: *''Chloromyxum argusi'' *''Chloromyxum atlantoraji'' *''Ch ...

References

Myxosporea Cnidarian orders {{parasitic animal-stub