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Biridašwa (
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominalization, nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cul ...
: "Prītāśva," "whose horse is dear" (Mayrhofer II 182)) was a mayor of ''Aštartu'', ( Tell-Ashtara), south of Damascus, (named Dimasqu/Dimašqu), during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence, about
1350 Year 1350 ( MCCCL) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa. * May 23 (possible date) ...
–
1335 BC Year 1335 ( MCCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * May 2 – Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, becomes Duke of Carinthia. * July ...
. A second mayor of Aštartu, Ayyab, existed in this short 15–20 year time period.


History

Though Biridašwa did not communicate with the Egyptian
pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until th ...
directly in any of the Amarna letters, he, along with the mayors of Busruna and Halunnu were involved with the intrigues of city/
city-state A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
takeovers, in the region of Damascus. The region around Dimašqu was named
Upu Upu or Apu, also rendered as Aba/Apa/Apina/Ubi/Upi, was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named ''Dimašqu'' / ''Dimasqu'' / etc. (for example, "Dimaški"-(see: Niya (kingdom)), in the letter correspon ...
, or Apu, a name going back to at least pharaoh
Thutmose III Thutmose III (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes), sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Officially, Thutmose III ruled Egypt for almost 54 years and his reign is usually dated from 28 ...
's time, (
1479 Year 1479 (Roman numerals, MCDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar). Events January–December * January 20 – Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand II ascends the th ...
- 1425 BC).


Biridašwa of EA letters 196, and EA 197

Biryawaza Biryawaza was a powerful ruler in the area of Egyptian controlled Syria in the middle fourteenth century BC. He is often mentioned in the Amarna letters, although his title is never given clearly. Some scholars describe him as the king of Damasc ...
the king of Dimašqu wrote 4 letters addressed to pharaoh, and letters 3 and 4 are about Biridašwa.


Letter no. 197: title: ''"Biryawaza's plight"''

Biryawaza letter no. 4 of 4: :" .. ...hesaid t ''me when''your servant ''was'' in A 'dura, ...They gave''his horses and hi
chariot A chariot is a type of cart driven by a charioteer, usually using horses to provide rapid motive power. The oldest known chariots have been found in burials of the Sintashta culture in modern-day Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, dated to c. 2000&nb ...
s to the 'Apiru, and they did not 'give them''to the king, my lord. And who am I? My (only) ''purpose'' is to be a servant. Everything belongs to the king. ''Biridašwa'' saw this deed and moved Yanuamma to rebellion against me. Having barred the
city gate A city gate is a gate which is, or was, set within a city wall. It is a type of fortified gateway. Uses City gates were traditionally built to provide a point of controlled access to and departure from a walled city for people, vehicles, goo ...
against me, he took chariots from Aštartu but gave ''both of them'' to the 'Apiru and did not give ''both of them'' to the king, my lord. When the king of Busruna and the king of Halunnu saw (i.e. saw this), they waged war with ''Biridašwa'' against me, constantly saying, "Come, let's kill
Biryawaza Biryawaza was a powerful ruler in the area of Egyptian controlled Syria in the middle fourteenth century BC. He is often mentioned in the Amarna letters, although his title is never given clearly. Some scholars describe him as the king of Damasc ...
-(i.e. 'of Damascus'), and we must not let him go to ......" But, I got away from them and stayed in ..ndash; Dimašqa, for 'by myself'' hw can I serv ''the king, my lord''
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keep saying, " Hatti," and I keep saying, "I am a servant of the king of Egyp[t">History_of_the_Hittites.html" ;"title="e are servants of the king of History of the Hittites">Hatti," and I keep saying, "I am a servant of the king of Egyp[t(named Mizraim">Mizri Mizri is a village near Sibi Balochistan Pakistan. References See also * Sibi District * Mehergarh * Sibi * Bibi Nani * khajjak * Marghazani * Kurak * Talli Talli is a village at a distance of 22 kilometers from Sibi city of Balochistan, Pa ...
)." Arsawuya went to Ki[ssa]-(''Qidšu''/Kadesh (Syria), Kadesh), took (some of) Aziru's troops, and captured Šaddu. He gave it to the 'Apiru and did not give it to the king, my lord. Now, since Itatkama ( Etakkama), has caused the loss of the land of Kissa, and since Arsawuya along with ''Biridašwa'' is causing the loss of Apu-(i.e. the "region" surrounding Damascus), may the king look carefully to his land lest the enemies take it. Since my brothers are at war with me, I am guarding Kumidu, the city of the king, my lord. May the king indeed ''be at one'' with his servant. y the king otabandon his servant, 'and may''the kings of .. (''and'') the kigs of Apu see ''whe her'' ... ... I have seen the
archers Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In mo ...
. -EA 197, lines 1-42 (~~complete, with lacunae) Letter EA 197-( EA for 'el
Amarna Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Ph ...
'), is the only reference to the locality/capture of: Šaddu. Also the only reference to city Yanuamma.


Letter no. 196: title: ''"Unheard-of deeds"''

Biryawaza's letter 196, is a heavily reconstructed letter with "6 lines of 43", a lacuna. The ending is mostly complete and has the referencing to Biridašwa. Biryawaza letter no. 3 of 4: :"... :Moreover, may the king, ylord, send me 200–men to guard ((to guard))-(-emphasis?), the cities of the king, ylord, nil see the
archers Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In mo ...
f the king my lord. The king, my lord, must not negle tthis deed that ''Biridašwa'' ascommitted, for he has ''moved'' the land of he king my lord, and iscities ''to rebellion''." -EA 196 (''only'' lines 33-43(End))


See also

*
Biryawaza Biryawaza was a powerful ruler in the area of Egyptian controlled Syria in the middle fourteenth century BC. He is often mentioned in the Amarna letters, although his title is never given clearly. Some scholars describe him as the king of Damasc ...
*
Aram Damascus The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus () was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant. Alongside various tribal lands, it was bounded in its later y ...
*
Upu Upu or Apu, also rendered as Aba/Apa/Apina/Ubi/Upi, was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named ''Dimašqu'' / ''Dimasqu'' / etc. (for example, "Dimaški"-(see: Niya (kingdom)), in the letter correspon ...


References

*
Moran, William L. William Lambert Moran (August 11, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Assyriologist. He was born in Chicago, United States. In 1939, Moran joined the Jesuit order. He then attended Loyola University in Chicago, where he received his ...
''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ) {{DEFAULTSORT:Biridaswa Amarna letters officials Canaanite people 14th-century BC rulers 14th-century BC people