This page features a list of

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

provinces that were developed by

Miklos Udvardy Miklos Dezso Ferenc Udvardy (March 23, 1919 – January 27, 1998) was a Hungarian-born Canadian biologist and professor at the University of British Columbia. He made significant contributions to various fields, including biogeography, evoluti ...

in 1975,Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). ''A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world''. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (1975) ''World Biogeographical Provinces'' (Map). The CoEvolution Quarterly, Sausalito, California
link
later modified by other authors. Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of

biogeographic realm A biogeographic realm is the broadest biogeography, biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial animal, terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into bioregions, which are further subdivid ...

s subdivided into

ecoregion An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecological and geographic area that exists on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and c ...

s, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany. The provinces represent the large areas of Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration.

Biome A biome () is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life. It consists of a biological community that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional climate. In 1935, Tansley added the ...

s are characterized by similar climax vegetation, though each realm may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Brazil, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants with very different evolutionary histories.

Afrotropical Realm The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Guinean Rainforest ** Congo Rainforest ** Malagasy Rainforest * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** West African Woodland/Savanna ** East African Woodland/Savanna ** Congo Woodland/Savanna ** Miombo Woodland/Savanna ** South African Woodland/Savanna ** Malagasy Woodland/Savanna ** Malagasy Thorn Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Cape Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Western Sahel ** Eastern Sahel **

Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...

n **

Namib The Namib ( ; ) is a coastal desert in Southern Africa. According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Namibia, and northwest South Africa, extending southward from the Carunjamba Ri ...

Kalahari The Kalahari Desert is a large semiarid sandy savanna in Southern Africa covering including much of Botswana as well as parts of Namibia and South Africa. It is not to be confused with the Angolan, Namibian, and South African Namib coastal d ...

** Karroo * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Ethiopian Highlands The Ethiopian Highlands (also called the Abyssinian Highlands) is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia in Northeast Africa. It forms the largest continuous area of its elevation in the continent, with little of its surface falling below , whil ...

** Guinean Highlands ** Central African Highlands ** East African Highlands ** South African Highlands * Mixed island systems ** Ascension and St. Helena Islands ** Comores Islands and

Aldabra Aldabra, the world's second-largest coral atoll (the largest is Kiritimati), is located east of the continent of Africa. It is part of the Aldabra Group of islands in the Indian Ocean that are part of the Outer Islands (Seychelles), Outer Islands ...

Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their na ...

* Lake systems ** Lake Rudolph ** Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) **

Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika ( ; ) is an African Great Lakes, African Great Lake. It is the world's List of lakes by volume, second-largest freshwater lake by volume and the List of lakes by depth, second deepest, in both cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. ...

Lake Malawi Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, () is an African Great Lakes, African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. It is ...

(Nyassa)

Antarctic Realm The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 ...

* Tundra communities and barren Antarctic desert * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands

Australasian Realm The Australasian realm is one of eight biogeographic realms that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua Ne ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Queensland Coastal * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands **

Tasmania Tasmania (; palawa kani: ''Lutruwita'') is an island States and territories of Australia, state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, and is separated from it by the Bass Strait. The sta ...

n * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** Northern Coastal * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Western Sclerophyll ** Eastern Sclerophyll ** Brigalow * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Western Mulga ** Central Desert ** Southern Mulga/Saltbush * Tropical grasslands and savannas ** Northern Savanna ** Northern Grasslands * Temperate grasslands ** Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

Indomalayan Realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

* Tropical humid forests ** Malabar Rainforest ** Ceylonese Rainforest ** Bengalian Rainforest ** Burman Rainforest ** Indochinese Rainforest ** South Chinese Rainforest ** Malayan Rainforest * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands ** Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest ** Burman Monsoon Forest ** Thai Monsoon Forest ** Mahanadian ** Coromandel ** Ceylonese Monsoon Forest ** Deccan Thorn Forest * Warm deserts and semideserts **

Thar Desert The Thar Desert (), also known as the Great Indian Desert, is an arid region in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of in India and Pakistan. It is the world's 18th-largest desert, and the world's 9th-large ...

* Mixed island systems **

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Seychellois Creole: ), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 155 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, ...

and Amirantes Islands ** Laccadives Islands **

Maldives The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in South Asia located in the Indian Ocean. The Maldives is southwest of Sri Lanka and India, abou ...

and

Chagos Islands The Chagos Archipelago (, ) or Chagos Islands (formerly , and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmo ...

** Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands **

Andaman and Nicobar Islands The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India comprising 572 islands, of which only 38 are inhabited. The islands are grouped into two main clusters: the northern Andaman Islands and the southern Nicobar Islands, separated by a ...

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands (, , ), now known as Nusa Tenggara Islands (, or "Southeast Islands"), are an archipelago in the Indonesian archipelago. Most of the Lesser Sunda Islands are located within the Wallacea region, except for the Bali pro ...

** Celebes **

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

Nearctic Realm The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Sitkan ** Oregonian * Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ** Yukon Taiga ** Canadian Taiga * Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets ** Eastern Forest ** Austroriparian * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands **

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

n * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Sonoran ** Chihuahuan ** Tamaulipan * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts **

Great Basin The Great Basin () is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets to the ocean, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja Californi ...

* Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert **

Aleutian Islands The Aleutian Islands ( ; ; , "land of the Aleuts"; possibly from the Chukchi language, Chukchi ''aliat'', or "island")—also called the Aleut Islands, Aleutic Islands, or, before Alaska Purchase, 1867, the Catherine Archipelago—are a chain ...

** Alaskan Tundra ** Canadian Tundra **

Arctic Archipelago The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of the Danish Realm, which is, by itself, much larger ...

** Greenland Tundra ** Arctic Desert and Icecap * Temperate grasslands ** Grasslands * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in great-circle distance, straight-line distance from the northernmost part of Western Can ...

** Sierra-Cascade ** Madrean-Cordilleran * Lake systems **

Great Lakes The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes spanning the Canada–United States border. The five lakes are Lake Superior, Superior, Lake Michigan, Michigan, Lake Huron, H ...

Neotropical Realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

* Tropical humid forests **

Campeche Campeche, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche, is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, make up the Administrative divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the sta ...

an ** Panamanian ** Colombian Coastal ** Guayanan **

Amazon rainforest The Amazon rainforest, also called the Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin ...

Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...

n **

Serra do Mar The Serra do Mar (; ) is a system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeastern Brazil. Geography The Serra do Mar runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast from the state of Espírito Santo to southern Santa Ca ...

(Bahian coast) * Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest) ** Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest) ** Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest) ** Chilean Nothofagus * Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands **

Everglades The Everglades is a natural region of flooded grasslands in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large drainage basin within the Neotropical realm. The system begins near Orlando with the K ...

Sinaloa Sinaloa (), officially the (), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities, and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales. It is located in northwest Mexic ...

n ** Guerreran ** Yucatecan (Yucatán) **

Central American Central America is a Subregion#North America, subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Ce ...

(Carib-Pacific) ** Venezuelan Dry Forest ** Venezuelan Deciduous Forest ** Ecuadoran Dry Forest **

Caatinga Caatinga () is a type of semi-arid tropical vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" comes from the Tupi word '' ka'atinga'', meaning "white forest" or "white vegetat ...

Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or simply Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland tropical dry broadleaf forest natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion o ...

* Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets ** Chilean Araucaria Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Chilean Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts ** Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert) **

Monte Monte may refer to: Places Argentina * Argentine Monte, an ecoregion * Monte Desert * Monte Partido, a ''partido'' in Buenos Aires Province Italy * Monte Bregagno * Monte Cassino * Montecorvino (disambiguation) * Montefalcione Portugal * M ...

(Argentinian Thorn-scrub) * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts **

Patagonia Patagonia () is a geographical region that includes parts of Argentina and Chile at the southern end of South America. The region includes the southern section of the Andes mountain chain with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and glaciers ...

n * Tropical grasslands and savannas **

Llanos The Llanos ( Spanish ''Los Llanos'', "The Plains"; ) is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, ...

** Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands) ** Babacu ** Campos Cerrados (Campos) * Temperate grasslands ** Argentinian Pampas (Pampas) ** Uruguayan Pampas * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation ** Northern Andean ** Colombian Montane **

Yungas The Yungas ( Aymara ''yunka'' warm or temperate Andes or earth, Quechua ''yunka'' warm area on the slopes of the Andes) is a bioregion of a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru and Bolivia, and extends i ...

(Andean cloud forest) ** Puna ** Southern Andean * Mixed island systems **

Bahamas The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic and island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean. It contains 97 per cent of the archipelago's land area and 88 per cent of its population. ...

Bermuda Bermuda is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. The closest land outside the territory is in the American state of North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. Bermuda is an ...

n **

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

n ** Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) ** Lesser Antillean ** Revillagigedo Archipelago **

Cocos Island Cocos Island () is a volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean administered by Costa Rica, approximately southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It constitutes the 11th of the 15 districts of Puntarenas Canton of the Puntarenas Province, Province of ...

** Galapagos Islands ** Fernando de Noronha Island ** South Trindade Island * Lake systems **

Lake Titicaca Lake Titicaca (; ; ) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. Titicaca is the largest lake in South America, both in terms of the volume of ...

Oceanian Realm The Oceanian realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the List of terrestrial ecoregions (WWF), WWF realms. This realm includes the islands ...

* Mixed island systems ** Papuan **

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: Maritime Southeast Asia to the west, Poly ...

n ** Hawaiian ** Southeastern Polynesian ** Central Polynesian **

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

n ** East Melanesian

Palearctic Realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The ...

* Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands ** Chinese Subtropical Forest ** Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest) * Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ** West Eurasian Taiga ** East Siberian Taiga * Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets **

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

ic ** Subarctic Birchwoods **

Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and western coastlines, respectively. Immediately offshore along the Pacific ...

n **

British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner Hebrides, Inner and Outer Hebr ...

(British and Irish Forest) **

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ...

(West European Forest) ** Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland) ** Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest) **

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a Roman province, province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, on the west by Noricum and upper Roman Italy, Italy, and on the southward by Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia and upper Moesia. It ...

n (Danubian Steppe) ** West Anatolian ** Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest ** Oriental Deciduous Forest * Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands ** Iberian Highlands ** Mediterranean Sclerophyll * Warm deserts and semideserts **

Sahara The Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the list of deserts by area, third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Ar ...

Arabian Desert The Arabian Desert () is a vast desert wilderness in West Asia that occupies almost the entire Arabian Peninsula with an area of . It stretches from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and Oman to Jordan and Iraq. It is the fourth largest desert in the ...

(Arabia) ** Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe) * Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts ** Turanian (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe) ** Talka-Makan-Gobi Desert **

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are other ethnic groups s ...

an ** Iranian Desert * Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert ** Arctic Desert ** Higharctic Tundra ** Lowarctic Tundra * Temperate grasslands ** Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands) ** Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe) ** Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe) * Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation **

Scottish Highlands The Highlands (; , ) is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Scottish Lowlands, Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Scots language, Lowland Scots language replaced Scottish Gae ...

** Central European Highlands ** Balkan Highlands ** Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands) ** Altai Highlands ** Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands ** Hindu Kush Highlands ** Himalayan Highlands ** Szechwan Highlands * Mixed island systems ** Macaronesian Islands **

Ryukyu Islands The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Geography of Taiwan, Taiwan: the Ryukyu Islands are divided into the Satsunan Islands (Ōsumi Islands, Ōsumi, Tokara Islands, Tokara and A ...

* Lake systems **

Lake Ladoga Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg. It is the largest lake located entirely in Europe, the second largest lake in Russia after Lake ...

Aral Sea The Aral Sea () was an endorheic lake lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and had largely dried up into desert by the 2010s. It was in the Aktobe and Kyzylorda regions of Kazakhst ...

Lake Baikal Lake Baikal is a rift lake and the deepest lake in the world. It is situated in southern Siberia, Russia between the Federal subjects of Russia, federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast, Irkutsk Oblasts of Russia, Oblast to the northwest and the Repu ...

Region coding

The hierarchy of the scheme is (with early replaced terms in parentheses): * biogeographic realm (= biogeographic regions and subregions), with 8 categories ** biogeographic province (= biotic province), with 193 categories, each characterized by a major biome or biome-complex *** biome, with 14 types: tropical humid forests (1); subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands (2); temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands (3); tropical dry of deciduous forests (including monsoon forests) or woodlands (4); temperate broad-lead forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets (5); evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands (6); warm deserts and semideserts (7); cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts (8); tundra communities and barren arctic desert (9); tropical grassland and savannas (10); temperate grasslands (11); mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation (12); mixed island systems (13); lake systems (14). So, for example, the Australian Central Desert province is in the Australasian realm (6), is the 9th biogeographic province in that realm, and its biome falls within "warm deserts and semideserts" (7), so it is coded 6.9.7. The realms and provinces of the scheme are hence coded as follows: * 1.1.2 Sitkan province * 1.2.2. Oregonian province * 1.3.3 Yukon taiga province * 1.4.3 Canadian taiga province * 1.5.5. Eastern forest province * 1.6.5 Austroriparian province * 1.7.6 Californian province * 1.8.7 Sonoran province * 1.9.7 Chihuahuan province * 1.10.7 Tamaulipan province * 1.11.8 Great Basin province * 1.12.9 Aleutian Islands province * 1.13.9 Alaskan tundra province * 1.14.9 Canadian tundra province * 1.15.9 Arctic Archipelago province * 1.16.9 Greenland tundra province * 1.17.9 Arctic desert and icecap province * 1.18.11 Grasslands province * 1.19.12 Rocky Mountains province * 1.20.12 Sierra-Cascade province * 1.21.12 Madrean-Cordilleran province * 1.22.14 Great Lakes province * 2.1.2. Chinese Subtropical Forest province * 2.2.2 Japanese Evergreen Forest province (= Japanese Subtropical Forest) * 2.3.3 West Eurasian Taiga province * 2.4.3 East Siberian Taiga province * 2.5.5 Icelandian province (= Iceland) * 2.6.5 Subarctic Birchwoods province * 2.7.5 Kamchatkan province * 2.8.5 British Islands province (= British + Irish Forest) * 2.9.5 Atlantic province (West European Forest, in part) * 2.10.5 Boreonemoral province (Baltic Lowland, in part) * 2.11.5 Middle European Forest province (= East European Mixed Forest) * 2.12.5 Pannonian province (= Danubian Steppe) * 2.13.5 West Anatolian province * 2.14.5 Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest province (= Manchurian + Japanese Mixed Forest) * 2.15.6 Oriental Deciduous Forest province * 2.16.6 Iberian Highlands province * 2.17.7 Mediterranean Sclerophyll province * 2.18.7 Sahara province * 2.19.7 Arabian Desert province (= Arabia) * 2.20.8 Anatolian-Iranian Desert province (= Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe) * 2.21.8 Turanian province (= Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe) * 2.22.8 Takla-Makan-Gobi Desert steppe province * 2.23.8 Tibetan province * 2.24.9 Iranian Desert province * 2.25.9 Arctic Desert province * 2.26.9 Higharctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part) * 2.27.11 Lowarctic Tundra province (= Eurasian Tundra, in part) * 2.28.11 Atlas Steppe province (= Atlas Highlands) * 2.29.11 Pontian Steppe province (= Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe) * 2.30.11 Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe province (= Gobi + Manchurian Steppe) * 2.31.12 Scottish Highlands Highlands province * 2.32.12 Central European Highlands province * 2.33.12 Balkan Highlands province * 2.34.12 Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (= Caucasus + Kurdistan-Iran) province * 2.35.12 Altai Highlands province * 2.36.12 Pamir-Tian-Shan Highlands province * 2.37.12 Hindu Kush Highlands province * 2.38.12 Himalayan Highlands province * 2.39.12 Szechwan Highlands province * 2.40.13 Macaronesian Islands province (= 4 island provinces) * 2.41.13 Ryukyu Islands province * 2.42.14 Lake Ladoga province * 2.43.14 Aral Sea province * 2.44.14 Lake Baikal province * 3.1.1 Guinean Rain Forest province * 3.2.1 Congo Rain Forest province * 3.3.1 Malagasy Rain Forest province * 3.4.4 West African Woodland/savanna province * 3.5.4 East African Woodland/savanna province * 3.6.4 Congo Woodland/savanna province * 3.7.4 Miombo Woodland/savanna province * 3.8.4 South African Woodland/savanna province * 3.9.4 Malagasy Woodland/savanna province * 3.10.4 Malagasy Thorn Forest province * 3.11.6 Cape Sclerophyll province * 3.12.7 Western Sahel province * 3.13.7 Eastern Sahel province * 3.14.7 Somalian province * 3.15.7 Namib province * 3.16.7 Kalahari province * 3.17.7 Karroo province * 3.18.12 Ethiopian Highlands province * 3.19.12 Guinean Highlands province * 3.20.12 Central African Highlands province * 3.21.12 East African Highlands province * 3.22.12 South African Highlands province * 3.23.13 Ascension and St. Helena Islands province * 3.24.13 Comores Islands and Aldabra province * 3.25.13 Mascarene Islands province * 3.26.14 Lake Rudolf province * 3.27.14 Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) province * 3.28.14 Lake Tanganyika province * 3.29.14 Lake Malawi (Nyasa) province * 4.1.1 Malabar Rainforest province * 4.2.1 Ceylonese Rainforest province * 4.3.1 Bengalian Rainforest province * 4.4.1 Burman Rainforest province * 4.5.1 Indochinese Rainforest province * 4.6.1 South Chinese Rainforest province * 4.7.1 Malayan Rainforest province * 4.8.4 Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest province * 4.9.4 Burma Monsoon Forest province * 4.10.4 Thailandian Monsoon Forest province * 4.11.4 Mahanadian province * 4.12.4 Coromandel province * 4.13.4 Ceylonese Monsoon Forest province * 4.14.4 Deccan Thorn Forest province * 4.15.7 Thar Desert province * 4.16.12 Seychelles and Amirantes Islands province * 4.17.12 Laccadives Islands province * 4.18.12 Maldives and Chagos Islands province * 4.19.12 Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands province * 4.20.12 Andaman and Nicobar Islands province * 4.21.12 Sumatra province * 4.22.12 Java province * 4.23.12 Lesser Sunda Islands province * 4.24.12 Celebes province * 4.25.12 Borneo province * 4.26.12 Philippines province * 4.27.12 Taiwan province * 5.1.13 Papuan province * 5.2.13 Micronesian province * 5.3.13 Hawaiian province * 5.4.13 Southeastern Polynesian province * 5.5.13 Central Polynesian province * 5.6.13 New Caledonian province * 5.7.13 East-Melanesian province * 6.1.1 Queensland Coastal province * 6.2.2 Tasmanian province * 6.3.4 Northern Coastal province * 6.4.6 Western Sclerophyll province * 6.5.6 Southern Sclerophyll province * 6.6.6 Eastern Sclerophyll province≠ * 6.7.6 Brigalow province * 6.8.7 Western Mulga province * 6.9.7 Central Desert province * 6.10.7 Southern Mulga/Saltbush province * 6.11.10 Northern Savanna province * 6.12.10 Northern Grasslands province * 6.13.11 Eastern Grasslands and Savannas province * 7.1.2 Neozealandia province * 7.2.9 Maudlandia province * 7.3.9 Marielandia province * 7.4.9 Insulantarctica province * 8.1.1 Campechean province (= Campeche) * 8.2.1 Panamanian province * 8.3.1 Colombian Coastal province * 8.4.1. Guyanese province * 8.5.1 Amazonian province * 8.6.1. Madeiran province * 8.7.1 Serra do mar province (= Bahian coast) * 8.8.2 Brazilian Rain Forest province (= Brazilian Deciduous Forest) * 8.9.2 Brazilian Planalto province (= Brazilian Araucaria Forest) * 8.10.2 Valdivian Forest province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part) * 8.11.2 Chilean Nothofagus province (= Chilean Temperate Rain Forest, in part) * 8.12.4 Everglades province * 8.13.4 Sinaloan province * 8.14.4 Guerreran province * 8.15.4 Yucatecan province (= Yucatán) * 8.16.4 Central American province (= Carib-Pacific) * 8.17.4 Venezuelan Dry Forest province * 8.18.4 Venezuelan Deciduous Forest province * 8.19.4 Ecuadorian Dry Forest province * 8.20.4 Caatinga province * 8.21.4 Gran Chaco province * 8.22.5 Chilean Araucaria Forest province * 8.23.6 Chilean Sclerophyll province * 8.24.7 Pacific Desert province (= Peruvian + Atacama Desert) * 8.25.7 Monte (= Argentinian Thorn-scrub) province * 8.26.8 Patagonian province * 8.27.10 Llanos province * 8.28.10 Campos Limpos province (= Guyana highlands) * 8.29.10 Babacu province * 8.30.10 Campos Cerrados province (= Campos) * 8.31.11 Argentinian Pampas province (= Pampas) * 8.32.11 Uruguayan Pampas province * 8.33.12 Northern Andean province (= Northern Andes) * 8.34.12 Colombian Montane province * 8.35.12 Yungas province (= Andean cloud forest) * 8.36.12 Puna province * 8.37.12 Southern Andean province (= Southern Andes) * 8.38.13 Bahamas-Bermudan province (= Bahamas + Bermuda) * 8.39.13 Cuban province * 8.40.13 Greater Aritillean province (= Jamaica + Hispaniola + Puerto Rico) * 8.41.13 Lesser Antillean province (= Lesser Antilles) * 8.42.13 Revilla Gigedo Island province * 8.43.13 Cocos Island province * 8.44.13 Galapagos Islands province * 8.45.13 Fernando de Noronja Island province * 8.46.13 South Trinidade Island province * 8.47.14 Lake Titicaca province

References

Bibliography

* Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". ''CoEvolution Quarterly'', Number 11, Fall 1976. {{Biomes Biogeography Ecoregions Floristic provinces Floristic regions Landscape ecology Ecology Physical geography

Afrotropical Realm The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...

Antarctic Realm The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 ...

Australasian Realm The Australasian realm is one of eight biogeographic realms that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua Ne ...

Indomalayan Realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

Nearctic Realm The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...

Neotropical Realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

Oceanian Realm The Oceanian realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the List of terrestrial ecoregions (WWF), WWF realms. This realm includes the islands ...

Palearctic Realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The ...

Region coding

See also

References

Bibliography