Billy Nolan (character)

''Carrie'' is a 1974 horror novel by American author Stephen King. Set in the town of Chamberlain, Maine, the plot revolves around Carrie White, a friendless high school girl from an abusive religious household who discovers she has telekinetic powers. After a cruel prank pulled by one of her bullies on prom night, Carrie decides to take revenge.

King wrote ''Carrie'' with the intention of submitting it to be published originally as a short story for the men's magazine ''Cavalier'' following the suggestion of a friend that he write a story about a female character. Though King initially gave up on ''Carrie'' due to discomfort and apathy, and felt it would never be successful, his wife Tabitha convinced him to continue writing, and rescued the first three pages of the story from the trash. He followed her advice and expanded it into a novel. King based the character of Carrie on two girls he knew in high school and enjoyed fabricating the documents for the narrative. After Doubleday accepted ''Carrie'' to be published, King worked with editor Bill Thompson to revise the novel.

''Carrie'' was published on April 5, 1974, with a print run of 30,000 copies, and a paperback edition was published by New American Library in April 1975. The paperback edition became a best seller, particularly after the release of the 1976 film adaptation, reaching four million sales. The novel received generally positive reviews, both contemporaneously and retrospectively. ''Carrie'', King's debut novel, helped launch his career and achieve him mainstream success. It has also been credited with reviving mainstream interest in horror fiction and being influential among contemporary horror writers. Three film adaptations have been released, with one getting a sequel, and a musical adaptation was released in 1988.

Plot

In 1979, Carietta "Carrie" White, a 16-year-old girl in Chamberlain, Maine, is ridiculed for her weight, her clothes and the unusual religious beliefs instilled by her despotic mother Margaret. One day, while showering after physical education class, Carrie has her first period. Carrie is terrified, as Margaret has never taught her about menstruation. While Carrie panics, her classmates, led by a popular girl named Chris Hargensen, mock her and throw tampons and sanitary napkins. The gym teacher, Rita Desjardin, intervenes and sends Carrie home. On the way, Carrie practices her unusual ability to control objects from a distance. She recalls first using this power spontaneously when she was three, causing stones to fall from the sky as a response to abuse from her mother. When Carrie gets home and tells her mother what has happened, Margaret furiously accuses Carrie of sin and locks her in a closet.

The next day, Desjardin reprimands the girls who bullied Carrie and gives them a week's detention. Chris refuses to comply and is punished with suspension and exclusion from the prom. After her influential father fails to reinstate her, Chris decides to take revenge on Carrie. Another girl involved in the incident, Sue Snell, wanting to make amends for her part in the bullying, asks her boyfriend, Tommy, to invite Carrie to the prom. Carrie is suspicious at first, but accepts and begins to sew her prom dress. Meanwhile, Chris persuades her boyfriend Billy and his gang of greasers to gather two buckets of pig's blood as she prepares to rig the prom queen election in Carrie's favor.

The prom initially goes well for Carrie: Tommy's friends are welcoming, and Tommy feels a genuine liking for Carrie, who looks beautiful in her home-made prom dress. For the first time in the novel, Carrie feels accepted by her peer group. But Chris has rigged the election, causing Carrie and Tommy to be elected prom queen and king. At the moment of the coronation, Chris, who is hiding in the wings, releases the buckets of pig's blood over the stage. Tommy is hit by one of the buckets and collapses. Carrie, humiliated and in shock, leaves the building to the laughter of the other students.

Outside, Carrie, out of control, enacts vengeance on her tormentors. Using her powers, she seals the gym and activates the sprinkler system, inadvertently electrocuting many of her classmates, and causing a fire that eventually ignites the school's fuel tanks, destroying the building in a massive explosion. Only a few staff and students, including Desjardin, narrowly escape. Carrie thwarts incoming efforts to fight the fire by opening the hydrants within the school's vicinity, then destroys gas stations and cuts power lines on her way home. She unleashes her telekinetic powers on the entire town, destroying several buildings and killing hundreds of people. As she does this, she broadcasts a telepathic message, signalling to the townspeople that she is the cause of the mayhem.

Carrie then returns home to Margaret, who believes Carrie has been possessed by Satan and must be killed. Margaret tells her that her conception was a result of sin. She stabs Carrie with a kitchen knife, but Carrie uses her powers to stop Margaret's heart. Mortally wounded, Carrie makes her way to the roadhouse, where she sees Chris and Billy leaving town. After Billy attempts to run over Carrie, she takes control of his car and sends it into a wall. Sue finds the dying Carrie in the parking lot, and the two exchange a brief telepathic contact. Carrie, who believed that Sue and Tommy had set up the prank, now realizes they were innocent. She dies, crying out for her mother.

The incident in Chamberlain, labeled the "Black Prom" night, makes national news. 440 casualties are reported, and Sue Snell and other surviving students attend a grim graduation ceremony. Desjardin and the school's principal blame themselves for not reaching out to Carrie sooner and resign from teaching. Chamberlain becomes little more than a ghost town as survivors relocate. Several congressional hearings are held to investigate others with paranormal abilities like Carrie's. Sue, who is blamed for having a hand in Carrie's rampage, publishes a memoir based on her experiences. A report from the congressional "White Commitee" concludes that there will be others like Carrie.

As the novel ends, an Appalachian woman enthusiastically writes a letter to her sister about her baby daughter's telekinetic powers and reminisces about their grandmother, who had similar abilities.

Style and themes

''Carrie'' is a horror novel as well as an example of supernatural and gothic fiction. It is in part an epistolary novel: the narrative is organized around a framing device consisting of multiple narrators, and a collection of reports and excerpts in approximate chronological order. It has been argued that this structure is used to indicate that no particular viewpoint, scientific or otherwise, can explain Carrie and the prom night event.

''Carrie'' deals with themes of ostracism, bullying, coming-of-age and the consequences of not conforming to societal norms. A driving force of the novel is Carrie's first period in the shower. Following the massacre, Sue is subject to the same exclusion as Carrie, despite her altruistic motives. John Kerrigan and Victoria Madden have both observed that throughout the novel, Carrie is often associated with the pig, which are considered "disgusting" animals.

Another theme is vengeance. Kerrigan considers ''Carrie'' to be an example of a revenge tragedy. Ray B. Browne argues that the novel serves as a "revenge fantasy", while novelist Charles L. Grant has stated that " tephenKing uses the evil/victim device for terror". Some scholars have argued that ''Carrie'' is a social commentary. Linda J. Holland-Toll has stated that "''Carrie'' is about disaffirmation because society makes the human monster, cannot control the monster, yet still denies the possibility of actual monster existence while simultaneously defining humans as monsters".

Background

By the time of writing ''Carrie'', King lived in a trailer in Hermon, Maine with his wife Tabitha and two children. He had a job teaching English at Hampden Academy, and wrote short stories for men's magazines such as ''Cavalier''. ''Carrie'' was originally a short story intended for ''Cavalier''. King had started conceptualizing the story after a friend suggested writing a story about a female character.

The basis of the story was King imagining a scene of a girl menstruating for the first time in the shower similar to the opening scene of ''Carrie'' and an article from ''Life'' about telekinesis. As he wrote the opening shower scene, King experienced discomfort due to not being female and not knowing how he would react to the scene if he were female. He also felt apathy toward Carrie when writing the scene. After three pages, King eventually threw away the manuscript of the story. The next day, Tabitha retrieved the pages from the trash and convinced King to continue writing the story with input from her. King was ultimately able to emotionally connect to Carrie through the influence of two girls he knew. One was constantly abused at school due to her family's poverty forcing her to wear only one outfit to school. The other was a timid girl from a devoutly religious family.

King believed ''Carrie'' would not be successful, thinking it would not be marketable in any genre or to any audience. He also found writing it to be a "waste of time" and found no point in sending out what he perceived as a failed story. King only continued writing it in order to please his wife and because he was unable to think of anything else to write. When King finished the first draft, ''Carrie'' was a 98-page-long novella that he detested. In December 1972, King decided to rewrite ''Carrie'' and strive for it to become novel-length. He wrote in fabricated documents that were purported to be from periodicals such as ''Esquire'' and ''Reader's Digest'', imitating their style accordingly; a process that King found entertaining. After ''Carrie'' was accepted by the publisher Doubleday, King revised the novel with editor and friend Bill Thompson. The original ending of ''Carrie'' had Carrie growing demon horns and destroying an airplane thousands of miles above her. Thompson convinced King to rewrite the ending to be more subtle.

Publication

King's manuscript for ''Carrie'' was given to editor Bill Thompson in November 1973. Seeing potential in the novel, Thompson convinced Lee Barker, executive editor of Doubleday, to accept it. In 1973, after much revision, advanced copies of ''Carrie'' were sent to salesmen to secure an advance. Eventually, the novel was approved for an advance of $1,500. Thompson convinced Doubleday to boost the advance to $2,500, moderately high for a debut novel at the time, and it was announced to King via telegram. With a print run of 30,000 copies, the hardback edition of ''Carrie'' was ultimately published on April 5, 1974. Although ''Carrie'' was marketed as an "occult" novel, trade reviewers called it a horror novel, unusual for the time.

On May 3, 1974, ''Carrie'' was received by the publishing company New English Library and was read overnight by president Bob Tanner. Tanner sent a copy to the parent company, New American Library, which then offered Doubleday $400,000 for rights to mass-market paperback publication of ''Carrie'', of which King received $200,000. New English Library published ''Carrie'' in May 1974, and New American Library published ''Carrie'' under its Signet Books imprint in April 1975. With the goal of persuading the reader to buy the book, New American Library designed the novel to be "double-covered". The original cover of the paperback edition did not feature the title or the author's name; it consisted of the face of a girl in front of a silhouette. Behind the cover was a two-page picture of New England on fire, with the title and author's name on the far right. New American Library planned for the girl's silhouette to be scored to allow the reader to see the burning New England picture. The printers refused to produce the technique, and the edition was published without the scoring. Since initial publication, ''Carrie'' has remained in continual print and has been published throughout Europe. On March 26, 2024, a British publishing company Hodder & Stoughton published the 50th anniversary edition of ''Carrie'', which included a new introduction by Margaret Atwood.

Reception

The hardback edition of ''Carrie'' sold modestly; it was not an instant best seller. Sources of the number of sales for the hardback edition vary, ranging from 13,000 copies to 17,000 copies. In contrast, the paperback edition sold well. In its first year, the edition sold one million copies. The sales were bolstered by the 1976 film adaptation, totaling four million sales.In 1976 ''Carrie'' became a ''New York Times'' best seller, debuting on the list in December and remaining on it for 14 weeks, peaking at number 3.

''Carrie'' received generally positive reviews and has become a fan favorite. Several critics considered it an impressive literary debut. Harold C. Schonberg, writing as Newgate Callendar for ''The New York Times'', stated that despite being a debut novel, "King writes with the kind of surety normally associated only with veteran writers". The ''Daily Times-Advocate'' Ina Bonds called ''Carrie'' an "admirable achievement" for a first novel, and ''Kirkus Reviews'' wrote that "King handles his first novel with considerable accomplishment and very little hokum". Bob Cormier from the '' Daily Sentinel & Leominster Enterprise'' wrote that the novel could have failed because of the subject matter, but did not, and thus found King to be "no ordinary writer".

Various critics wrote that the plot will scare readers, with ''Library Journal'' declaring the novel "a terrifying treat for both horror and parapsychology fans". Mary Schedl of ''The San Francisco Examiner'' wrote that ''Carrie'' "goes far beyond the usual limitations of the orrorgenre" to deliver a message about humanity. ''Publishers Weekly'' praised the novel for its sympathetic portrayal of Carrie. Both Joy Antos of '' Progress Bulletin'' and Gary Bogart of ''Wilson Library Journal'' wrote of enjoying ''Carrie'' despite the foregone conclusion. Nonetheless, ''Booklist'' stated that reading the novel required a "willing suspension of disbelief and taste".

Retrospectively, ''Carrie'' has received appraisal. Michael R. Collings and Adam Nevill declared that the plot holds up decades after publication. Collings attributed it to focus and conciseness, and Nevill attributed it to the characterization and structure. In his literary analysis, Rocky Wood called the plot "remarkably short but compelling". Michael Berry of Common Sense Media lauded the characterization and said that the epistolary structure "lend a sense of realism to the outlandish proceedings". While both Grady Hendrix and James Smythe similarly praised the story, Hendrix felt that the writing was awkward much of the time, and Smythe found the epistolary-style extracts to be the "worst nd slowestparts of the novel". Although Harold Bloom found the characterization and style to be unremarkable, he thought the novel had strong imagery and said that "Carrie at the prom scene... is a marvelous culmination of melodrama."

Legacy

''Carrie'' launched King's career as an author; the $200,000 King received when ''Carrie'' was accepted for mass-market publication allowed King to quit his job as a teacher and become a full-time author. The novel established King as a horror writer who wrote about "the supernatural, the dark, and the bizarre". Following ''Carrie'' publication, King underwent a six-month period of prolific writing. During this period, King wrote rough drafts for '' Blaze'' and '''Salem's Lot'', the latter of which became his second published novel, being published in 1975. Both ''Carrie'' and its 1976 film adaptation brought King into the mainstream, and he has since become one of the most successful authors in the modern era, with his novels consistently becoming best sellers.

For decades prior to the 1970s, horror literature had not been in the mainstream; ''Carrie'' is credited as one of four novels to create a contemporary mainstream interest in horror literature. This interest was especially bolstered by the subsequent adaptation. ''Carrie'' has been influential among contemporary writers, with writers such as Sarah Pinborough, James Smythe, and Sarah Lotz claiming to be influenced by ''Carrie''. Joanne Harris refers to her 2023 novel, '' Broken Light'', as "an homage to ''Carrie"''. The prom scene when Carrie is covered in pig blood has been referenced in pop culture, with examples including ''Monsters University'', ''My Little Pony'' comics, and horror media such as '' It Follows'', ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', and ''Treehouse of Horror''. Author Jeff VanderMeer said of ''Carrie'' influence:

''Carrie'' has received three film adaptations and a musical adaptation. The first, directed by Brian De Palma and starring Sissy Spacek in the title role, was released on November 3, 1976, to critical acclaim and commercial success, and is considered a noteworthy example of 1970s horror films and a major contributing factor to King's success. A sequel to the 1976 film adaptation titled '' The Rage: Carrie 2'' was released in 1999 to mixed reviews. From May 12 to 15, 1988, a musical adaptation was performed five times by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Virginia Theater before closing. It was a commercial and critical failure, losing more than $7 million, among the most expensive failures by Broadway theatre. A 2002 film adaptation received negative reviews, and a 2013 film adaptation received mixed reviews. An off-Broadway revival of the musical was performed from March 1 to April 8, 2012. The television series '' Riverdale'' aired an episode titled " Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember" in 2018 based on the musical. In 2024, Mike Flanagan was announced to be helming a television adaptation of the novel with Amazon MGM Studios.

See also

* '' The Fury'', a 1976 novel with a similar premise and its 1978 film adaptation, also directed by De Palma
* ''Jennifer'', a 1978 film with a similar premise

Notes

References

Sources

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Further reading

* Shih, Paris Shun-Hsiang. "Fearing the Witch, Hating the Bitch: The Double Structure of Misogyny in Stephen King's Carrie" in ''Perceiving Evil: Evil Women and the Feminine'' (Brill, 2015) pp. 49–58.

External links

Official website for ''Carrie'' the Musical
for first edition copies of ''Carrie''

Carrie
at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

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1974 American novels
1974 fantasy novels
1970s horror novels
American horror novels
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Debut fantasy novels
Epistolary novels
Novels by Stephen King
Novels set in the 1970s
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American novels adapted into television shows
Doubleday (publisher) books
Novels about mass murder
Fiction about matricide
Novels about bullying
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