Bihari Languages

Bihari languages are a group of the Indo-Aryan languages. The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, and also in Nepal.Brass, Paul R. (1974). ''Language, Religion and Politics in North India''. Cambridge University Press. The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari group are Bhojpuri, Magahi/ Khortha, Nagpuri and Maithili.

Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India, of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004). Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal. Bhojpuri-Awadhi-Magahi mix is also official in Fiji as Fiji Hindi. There are demands for including Bhojpuri and Magahi/Khortha in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution.

In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters. These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments. After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950. Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981, when Urdu was accorded the status of the second official language.

Speakers

The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The educated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.

British linguist Grierson also mentioned that Bajjika, Angika and Surjapuri are also spoken in particular districts of Bihar. These languages are mostly spoken in rural areas.

Classification

The Bihari languages fall into four language subgroups:

*Bihari
** Bhojpuri
**Mauritian Bhojpuri-Awadhi mix
***Caribbean Hindustanimore tended to Awadhj)
*** Fiji Hindi(some bhojpuri influence, on awadhi)
***South African Bhojpuri (Naitali)
** Magahi
**Khortha(Eastern Magahi of Dhanbad, Bokaro etc)
**Pachhimaha(Western Magahi of Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Arwal, Palamu, Garhwa etc)
**Shuddh Magahi(spoken in Gaya, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Patna etc)
**Mishrit Magahi(Mix magahj spoken in Nawada, Nalnda, sheikhpura, Jamui, Deoghar, Koderma, Eastern Dumka etc)
** Maithili
***Northern Maithili
*** Bajjika (Western Maithili)
***Central Maithili
***Eastern Maithili
***Jolaha
***Kisan
** Sadanic
*** Nagpuri (Sadri)
*** Kurmali
*** Panchpargania
** Angika
**Shuddh Angika(Bhagalpur, Banka)
**Magahi influenced Angika(Munger)
**Thethi Angika(Khagadiya, Purnea etc)
**Unclassified Bihari (Languages of a distinct origin but currently fall under Bihari language family and are mainly spoken in Nepal)
*** Tharuic
****Chitwania Tharu
**** Dangaura Tharu
*****Dangaha
**** Sonha
**** Kathariya Tharu
**** Kochila Tharu
*****Western Kochila
*****Central Kochila (Saptariya Tharu)
*****Eastern Kochila (Morangiya, Khawas Tharu)
**** Rana Tharu
**** Buksa
**** Musasa
*** Majhi
*** Kumhali
***Kuswaric
**** Danwar
*****Dewas Done Danuwar
******Dewas Rai
******Done Danuwar
*****Kochariya-East Danuwar
******East Danuwar
******Kochariya
**** Bote-Darai
*****Bote
*****Darai

Languages and dialects

References and footnotes

External links

''A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1'' By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)

Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: bih
on www.sil.org


* Angika Language Wikipedia (incubator)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihari languages

Languages of India
Culture of Bihar
Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Nepal