Bicosoecida (

ICZN The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its formal author, t ...

) or Bicosoecales/Bicoecea (

ICBN The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN or ICNafp) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all tho ...

) is an order of Bikosea, a small group of unicellular

flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the ...

s, included among the

stramenopile The stramenopiles, also called heterokonts, are protists distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, an ...

s. Informally known as bicosoecids, they are free-living cells, with no

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which captur ...

s, and in some genera are encased in a lorica. The name of the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ...

Bicosoeca ''Bicosoeca'' is a genus of bicosoecids in the family Bicosoecaceae. It is the type genus of its family. The name ''Bicosoeca'', described by James-Clark in 1866, is derived from Greek roots (, vase, bowl, plus , inhabit). The philologically p ...

'' described by James-Clark in 1866 is derived from Greek roots (, vase, bowl, plus ''oekein'', inhabit). The philologically preferable compound would be ''Bicoeca'', as "corrected" by

Stein Stein may refer to: Places Austria * Stein, a neighbourhood of Krems an der Donau, Lower Austria * Stein, Styria, a municipality in the district of Fürstenfeld, Styria * Stein (Lassing), a village in the district of Liezen, Styria * Stein a ...

in 1878 and followed by most subsequent authors. However, according to the

and

, the original spelling of the name cannot be considered incorrect and it must be used in its original form. The group was formerly considered to be related to the

Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae, or golden algae, are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', wh ...

. Some authors use the vernacular term "bicosoecid" (or "bicoecid") in a narrower sense, only for ''Bicosoeca'', applying "bicoeceans" to ''Bicosoeca'' and related groups like ''

Cafeteria A cafeteria, called canteen outside the U.S., is a type of food service location in which there is little or no waiting staff table service, whether in a restaurant or within an institution such as a large office building or school; a scho ...

''. With the advent of using molecular phylogenies to resolve relationships of many

eukaryote The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the Domain (biology), domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a membrane-bound cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, Fungus, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms ...

s the original circumscription of bicosoecids has been greatly expanded upon to include other orders and the rank has changed from an order to a class.

Morphology

Classification

* Family Labromonadidae

Cavalier-Smith Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, Royal Society, FRS, Royal Society of Canada, FRSC, Natural Environment Research Council, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Departme ...

2006 ** '' Labromonas'' Cavalier-Smith 2006 * Family

Bicosoecaceae Bicosoecaceae is a family of bicosoecids in the order Bicosoecida. The name of the type genus ''Bicosoeca'' described by James-Clark in 1866 is derived from Greek roots (, vase, bowl, plus , inhabit). The philologically preferable compound woul ...

Ritter von Stein Ritter (German for "knight") is a designation used as a title of nobility in German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second-lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "Edler" and below "" (Baron). As with most titles and design ...

1878 ** '' Poteriodendron'' Stein 1878 ** ''

'' Clark 1866 ** '' Hedraeophysa'' Kent 1880 * Family Cafeteriaceae Moestrup 1995 ** ''

'' Fenchel & Patterson 1988 ** '' Symbiomonas'' Guillou & Chrétiennot-Dinet 1999

References

Bibliography

* Hibberd, D. J. (1986). Ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae. Colorless forms
p. 29-30
In: ''Chrysophytes: Aspects and Problems''. Kristiansen, J. and R.A. Andersen ds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

External links

* Stramenopile orders {{Heterokont-stub