Bialaphos is a natural

herbicide Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page f ...

produced by the bacteria '' Streptomyces hygroscopicus'' and '' Streptomyces viridochromogenes''. It is also known by the

ISO The International Organization for Standardization (ISO ; ; ) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries. Me ...

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...

bilanafos. Bialaphos is a protoxin and nontoxic as is. When it is metabolized by a plant, the

glutamic acid Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form) is an α- amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can ...

analog glufosinate is released which inhibits

glutamine synthetase Glutamine synthetase (GS) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine: Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction ...

. This results in the accumulation of ammonium and disruption of primary metabolism. Bialaphos is made up of two

alanine Alanine (symbol Ala or A), or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, both attached to the central carbon atom which also carries a methyl group sid ...

residues and glufosinate, and is commonly used as a selection marker in plants. Resistance plasmids include pGreenII 0229 and pGreenII 0229 62-SK. pGreenII 0229 is derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos- cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the left border, providing resistance to bialaphos or phosphinothricin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229 62-SK is derived from pGreenII 0229, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S- MCS- CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S overexpression cassette.

References

{{reflist Herbicides Phosphinic acids Eukaryotic selection compounds

See also

References