Bhartṛhari (

Devanagari Devanagari ( ; in script: , , ) is an Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent. It is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental Writing systems#Segmental systems: alphabets, writing system), based on the ancient ''Brāhmī script, Brā ...

: ; Bhartrihari; fl. c. 5th century CE), was an Indian-

Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...

linguistic Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds ...

philosopher and poet, known for his contributions to the fields of linguistics, grammar, and philosophy. He is believed to have been born in the 5th century in

Ujjain Ujjain (, , old name Avantika, ) or Ujjayinī is a city in Ujjain district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the fifth-largest city in Madhya Pradesh by population and is the administrative as well as religious centre of Ujjain ...

, Malwa, India. He decided to live a monastic life and find a higher meaning but was unable to detach from worldly life. He lived as a yogi in Ujjain until his death. He is best known for his works, the ''Trikāṇḍī, Vākyapadīya'' (a treatise on sentences and words), ''Mahābhāṣyatikā'' (a commentary on Patanjali's ''Mahabhashya''), ''Vākyapadīyavṛtti'' (a commentary on ''Vākyapadīya kāṇḍas'' 1 and 2), ''Śabdadhātusamīkṣā'', and the 300-verse collection ''Śatakatraya''. Bhartrhari's philosophy is marked by the concept of "Shabda-Brahman", that the ultimate reality is expressed through words. He posited that language and cognition are linked and that by understanding grammar one can attain spiritual liberation. Bhartrhari's works have been studied in various Indian philosophical traditions, including Vedanta and Mīmāṃsā, Mimamsa. Islamic and Western scholars have also shown interest through various translations and commentaries. In the field of Indian poetics, Bhartrhari's ''Śatakatraya'' continues to be revered and studied and has been translated into many languages, affording access to a global audience.

Life and background

Bhartrhari is believed to have been born in

, Malwa, India and lived in the 5th century. Details of his personal life are not known, but it is assumed, and accepted by scholars, that he lived between 485 and 540 CE. He was associated with the court of Valabhi (modern Vala, Gujarat) but decided to follow the path of Indian sages and renounced a sensual life to find higher meaning. He attempted to live a monastic life but was unable to successfully detach from worldly pleasures. After some time, he lived a life as a yogi in Ujjain till his death. Siṃhasūrigaṇi, a 6th-century Jainism, Jain writer, states that Bhartrhari studied under a grammarian named Vasurāta. Bhartrhari credits some of his theories to Vasurāta in his work the Vakyapadiya. The Chinese traveller Yijing (monk), Yi-Jing (635-713 CE) mentions Bhartrhari in his travel notes. He claims that Bhartrhari was a Buddhism, Buddhist and wrote the works ''Vakyapadiya'', ''Peina'', and a commentary on Patanjali's Mahabhashya. Researchers have found some of the details given by Yi-Jing to be erroneous, specifically the time period that he was alive and that he was a Buddhist. Bhartrhari's philosophical position is widely held to be an offshoot of the Vyākaraṇa or grammarian school, closely allied to the Philosophical realism, realism of the Nyayas and distinctly opposed to Buddhist positions such as those of Dignaga, who was closer to phenomenalism.

Philosophical contributions

Bhartrhari is known for his work in the philosophy of language, particularly his theories articulated in the ''Vākyapadīya'' ("Treatise on Sentences and Words"). This text is a comprehensive study of grammar and its metaphysical foundations. Bhartrhari's philosophy is marked by the concept of "Shabda-Brahman", which holds that the ultimate reality is expressed through words. He posited that language and cognition are linked and that by understanding grammar one can attain spiritual liberation.

Works

Bhartrhari is best known for his work in the philosophy of language. He wrote four books on grammar (vyākaraṇa): Vākyapadīya, Mahābhāṣyatikā (an early sub-commentary on Patanjali's Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya), Vākyapadīyavṛtti (commentary on ''Vākyapadīya kāṇḍas'' 1 and 2), and Śabdadhātusamīkṣā.Extensively used by later grammarians such as Kaiyaṭa, the text is only preserved in fragments. An edition based on an incomplete manuscript was published by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune (1985-1991), in six fascicles (fascicle 6 in two parts). As a poet, he also wrote the ''Śatakatraya'', or ''Śataka'', a three-part collection of 300 verses.

Vākyapadīya

The ''Vākyapadīya'', also known as ''Trikāṇḍī'' (three books), is an Indian linguistic treatise on the philosophy of language, grammar, and semantics. It is divided into 3 main sections (or kāṇḍa): ''Brahma-kāṇḍa'' (Book of Brahman), ''Vākya-kāṇḍa'' (Book of Sentences), and ''Pada-kāṇḍa'' (Book of Words), and contains about 635 verses. The ''Brahma-kāṇḍa'' treats the metaphysical aspects of language. The ''Vākya-kāṇḍa'' deals with sentence structure and the relationship between its components. The ''Pada-kāṇḍa'' focuses on the meaning of words, phonetics, morphology, and semantics. Bhartrhari's philosophy is centred around the concept of "''sphoṭa''". He believed that ''sphoṭa'' carries the meaning of the word(s) and is revealed to the listener upon hearing the word(s). Unlike Patanjali, Bhatrihari applies the term sphota, ''sphoṭa'' to each element of the utterance, ''varṇa'' (''varṇasphoṭa;'' the letter or syllable), ''pada'' (''padasphoṭa;'' the word), and ''vākya'' (''vākyasphoṭa;'' the sentence).

Mahābhāṣyatikā

The ''Mahābhāṣyatikā'', also known as ''Tripadi'' or ''Mahabhashyadipika'', is a commentary on Patanjali, Patanjali's ''Mahabhashya'', which itself is a commentary on Pāṇini, Pāṇini's ''Aṣṭādhyāyī''. Bhartrhari analyses grammatical rules and explores the metaphysical and epistemological aspects of language. Within this text, Bhartrhari also discusses the connection between words and their meanings, which is further elaborated in the ''Vākyapadīya.'' This text is studied by Sanskrit grammarians and philosophers.

Śatakatraya

The ''Śatakatraya'' ("Three Centuries": ''śataka,'' "century"; ''traya,'' "three") consists of three collections of 100 verses each. The collections are ''Niti Śataka'' (Ethics, which details principles of righteous living)'', Sringara, Śringara Śataka'' (Love, which details the complexities of love and relationships), ''and Vairagya Śataka'' (Detachment, a reflection of Bhartrhari's renunciation)''.'' The date of composition is unknown but it is believed to have been written over the course of Bhartrhari's life. Bhartrhari uses various poetic devices including metaphors, similes, and paradoxes to convey complex ideas.

Influence and legacy

Bhartrhari's works have been studied in various Indian philosophical traditions, including Vedanta and Mīmāṃsā, Mimamsa. Islamic and Western scholars have also shown interest through various translations and commentaries. In the field of Indian poetics, Bhartrhari's ''Śatakatraya'' continues to be revered and studied. The ''Śatakatraya'' has been translated into many languages, affording access to a global audience.

References

External links

Bhartrihari (c. 450—510 C.E.) in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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"Tracking the Hermit's Soul: A Jungian Reading Of Bhartrihari's Satakatraya" by Mathew V. Spano
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhartrhari Sanskrit grammarians Sanskrit poets Indian male poets Ancient Sanskrit grammarians 5th-century Indian poets Indian Sanskrit scholars 5th-century Hindus