Bhadawari
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Bhadwari is an improved
water buffalo The water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis''), also called domestic water buffalo, Asian water buffalo and Asiatic water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Today, it is also kept in Italy, the Balkans ...
breed A breed is a specific group of breedable domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype), homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species. In literature, there exist seve ...
from
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh ( ; UP) is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the List of states and union territories of India by population, most populated state in In ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, that is kept for
milk Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of lactating mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfeeding, breastfed human infants) before they are able to digestion, digest solid food. ...
production mainly in the
Agra Agra ( ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about south-east of the national capital Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the ...
and
Etawah district Etawah district is one of the Districts of Uttar Pradesh, districts in the western portion of Uttar Pradesh States and territories of India, state of India. Etawah town is the district headquarters. The district covers an area of 2311 km. ...
s,Breed data sheet: Bhadawari
Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed September 2013.
and in the
Bhind Bhind is a city in the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the headquarters of the Bhind district. Geography Bhind is located at . It has an average elevation of 474 metres (1555 ft). Demog ...
and Morena districts of
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh (; ; ) is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and the largest city is Indore, Indore. Other major cities includes Gwalior, Jabalpur, and Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, Sagar. Madhya Pradesh is the List of states and union te ...
.Altre razze
(in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Specie Bufalina. Accessed September 2013.
Cows usually lactate during 272 days with an average milk yield of in this period. Buffaloes play an indispensable role in the Indian economy, accounting for about 56% of total milk production in the nation, and 64% of the world's production. Their contribution has been overwhelming due to their ability to thrive under harsh climatic condition and low requirement of input contribution.A.K. Das, Deepak Sharma and Nishant Kumar. (2008). "Buffalo Genetic Resources in India and Their Conservation". Buffalo Bulletin 27.4 : 265–268. Print. Bhadawari buffaloes are specifically renowned for the high content of butterfat found in their milk, which ranges from 6.0 to as high as 12.5%. The relatively high percentage of butterfat present in their milk is due to the breed's efficiency in converting animal feed into butterfat; the Bhadawari buffaloes' unique, advantageous profile therefore attracts farmers of many developing countries to interbreed them with one of the best meat and milch breed of buffaloes, the Murrah breed. Increasingly important in the livestock industry of countries with agricultural-based economies such as
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, the
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,
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
,
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, and
Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...
, the resulting hybrid breed of the Bhadawari and Murrah enhances the milk production of other low-yielding breeds and creates a better market for liquid milk.Saifi, H.W., Bharat, Bhushan, Sanjeev, Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Patra B.N. and Sharma Arjava (2004). "Genetic Identity between Bhadawari and Murrah Breeds of Indian Buffaloes (''Bubalus bubalis'') Using RAPD-PCR" Asian-Austrian Journal of Animal Sciences, Vol. 17 : 603–607. Print. India has a population of 105 million buffalos, and 26.1% of the population lives in Uttar Pradesh. India also has nine well-recognized breeds based on their phenotypic characteristics (Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Surti, Jaffarabadi, Bhadawari, Mehsana, Nagori, Toda, and Pandarpuri), distributed over several agroclimatic zones.Joshi, J., Salar, R. K., Banerjee, P., Upasna, S. S., Tantia, M. S., & Vijh, R. K. (2013). Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships of Indian Buffaloes of Uttar Pradesh. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences: 26(9): 1229. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12669


Conservation

The pure Bhadawari breed has dwindled to a population of only several thousand because of crossbreeding with the Murrah buffalo. In the area of Uttar Pradesh, India, Murrah buffalo traits are becoming more common. Many view the
germplasm Germplasm refers to genetic resources such as seeds, tissues, and DNA sequences that are maintained for the purpose of animal and plant breeding, conservation efforts, agriculture, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of s ...
of the Bhadawari extremely valuable for conservation.Binoy Chandra Naha, Jmas Vol 1 Issue 1 2013. "BUFFALO GENETIC RESOURCES IN INDIA AND THEIR CONSERVATION." The Journal of MacroTrends in 1.1 (2013): 61–66. Web. 10 October 2014


Physical characteristics

The Bhadawari buffaloes are medium-sized, copper-colored and grayish black animals, with two white lines at the lower side of the neck, which is a distinct feature of these buffaloes. The horns are curled slightly outwards, parallel to the neck with the tips curled upwards. They are known to be more resistant to disease and the effects of heat than other buffalo breeds, which makes them ideal for a domesticated draught animal.1- Arora, R., Vijh, R., Lakhchaura, B., Prasad, R., & Tantia, M. (2004). Genetic diversity analysis of two buffalo populations of northern India using microsatellite markers. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 121(2), 111-118. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00451.


Diet

The Bhadawari mainly subsists on coarse feed, straw, corn products, roughage such as barley or wheat straw, cornstalks, sorghum, and sugarcane residuals. Under dire circumstances, the Bhadawari can survive on low-quality crop residues and green forage.


Calving patterns

A 2011 study in the Bundelkhand region of India was performed with the objective of documenting the calving pattern of Bhadawari (and the closely relate Murrah) buffaloes. Areas like Bundelkhand are found throughout India, as heavily dependent on livestock economics due to drought and
monsoons A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscil ...
, as a whole India has 95 buffaloes per 1,000 human beings; information on calving is detrimental to this region of the world. At the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute in Jhansi, a herd of Bhadawari was intensely managed under a standardized system of nutritional requirements, and was done so over a period of 8 years (starting in 2002). All the while, birth rate was kept in the view of climatological data. Results indicated that rainy (July-Sept) and autumn (Oct-Nov) seasons yielded the highest calving rate, at more than 70%, whereas the lower calving rates were in the winter season at 15.48% and the summer season at 4.88%. Results were then cross-referenced with calving patterns across India and around other parts of the world such as Egypt. The seasonality in the Bhadawari calving indicates that reproductive desire is more dependent on climatic changes than diet.Kushwawa, B.P., Sultan Sighn, and S.B. Maity. "Seasonality of Calving Bhadawari and Murrah Buffaloes in Bundelkhand, India." Buffalo Bulletin 30.4 (2011): 256–261. Print.


Milk composition

Overall, buffalo milk has greater nutritional properties and values than cow milk. Buffalo milk has higher levels of fat, lactose, protein, calcium, and vitamins A and C, with lower levels of vitamin E, riboflavin, and cholesterol. An absence of carotene exists, and bioactive pentasaccharides and gangliosides occur that are not present in cow milk. Fat globules are larger, but contain less membrane material than cow milk. However, specific breed of buffalo does affect milk composition. In a 2008 comparison of four Indian buffalo breeds, the Bhadawari was shown to have more solids not fat than the Murrah, which had the highest performance for fat, total protein, and casein contents.El-Salam, Mohamed H. Abd, and Safinaz El-Shibiny. "A comprehensive review on the composition and properties of buffalo milk." Dairy Science & Technology 91.6 (2011): 663–699. Print.


References

{{Water buffalo breeds Water buffalo breeds originating in India Animal husbandry in Uttar Pradesh