Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot (; 14 January 1841 – 2 March 1895) was a French painter, printmaker and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the

Impressionists Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subjec ...

. In 1864, Morisot exhibited for the first time in the highly esteemed Salon de Paris. Sponsored by the government and judged by

Academician An academician is a full member of an artistic, literary, engineering, or scientific academy. In many countries, it is an honorific title used to denote a full member of an academy that has a strong influence on national scientific life. Accor ...

s, the Salon was the official, annual

exhibition An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibiti ...

of the in Paris. Her work was selected for exhibition in six subsequent Salons until, in 1874, she joined the ''"rejected"'' Impressionists in the first of their own exhibitions (15 April – 15 May 1874), which included

Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne ( , , ; ; ; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French Post-Impressionism, Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation, influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century a ...

Edgar Degas Edgar Degas (, ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings. Degas also produced bronze sculptures, prints, and drawings. Degas is e ...

Claude Monet Oscar-Claude Monet (, ; ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of Impressionism painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During his ...

Camille Pissarro Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro ( ; ; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). ...

Pierre-Auguste Renoir Pierre-Auguste Renoir (; ; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French people, French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionism, Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty and especially femininity, fe ...

and

Alfred Sisley Alfred Sisley (; ; 30 October 1839 – 29 January 1899) was an Impressionist landscape painter who was born and spent most of his life in France, but retained British citizenship. He was the most consistent of the Impressionists in his dedic ...

. It was held at the

studio A studio is a space set aside for creative work of any kind, including art, dance, music and theater. The word ''studio'' is derived from the , from , from ''studere'', meaning to study or zeal. Types Art The studio of any artist, esp ...

of the photographer

Nadar Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (; 5 April 1820 – 20 March 1910), known by the pseudonym Nadar () or Félix Nadar'','' was a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist, balloon (aircraft), balloonist, and proponent of History of avi ...

. Morisot went on to participate in all but one of the following eight impressionist exhibitions, between 1874 and 1886. Morisot was married to Eugène Manet, the brother of her friend and colleague

Édouard Manet Édouard Manet (, ; ; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French Modernism, modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, as well as a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism (art movement), R ...

. She was described by art critic Gustave Geffroy in 1894 as one of "les trois grandes dames" (The three great ladies) of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and

Mary Cassatt Mary Stevenson Cassatt (; May 22, 1844June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh's North Side (Pittsburgh), North Side), but lived much of her adult life in France, whe ...

Early life

Morisot was born 14 January 1841, in

Bourges Bourges ( ; ; ''Borges'' in Berrichon) is a commune in central France on the river Yèvre (Cher), Yèvre. It is the capital of the Departments of France, department of Cher (department), Cher, and also was the capital city of the former provin ...

, France, into an affluent bourgeois family. Her father, Edmé Tiburce Morisot, was the

prefect Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area. A prefect' ...

(senior administrator) of the department of

Cher Cher ( ; born Cheryl Sarkisian, May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality. Dubbed the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, Goddess of Pop", she is known for her Androgyny, androgynous contralto voice, Music an ...

. He also studied architecture at École des Beaux Arts. Her mother, Marie-Joséphine-Cornélie Thomas, was the great-niece of

Jean-Honoré Fragonard Jean-Honoré Fragonard (; 5 April 1732 (birth/baptism certificate) – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism. One of the most prolific art ...

, one of the most prolific

Rococo Rococo, less commonly Roccoco ( , ; or ), also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpte ...

painters of the

ancien régime ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for " ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ** Ancien Régime in France {{disambig ...

. She had two older sisters, Yves (1838–1893) and Edma (1839–1921), plus a younger brother, Tiburce, born in 1848. The family moved to Paris in 1852, when Morisot was a child. It was commonplace for daughters of bourgeois families to receive art education, so Berthe and her sisters Yves and Edma were taught privately by Geoffroy-Alphonse Chocarne and Joseph Guichard. Morisot and her sisters initially started taking lessons so that they could each make a drawing for their father for his birthday. In 1857 Guichard, who ran a school for girls in Rue des Moulins, introduced Berthe and Edma to the

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...

gallery where from 1858 they learned by copying paintings. The Morisots were not only forbidden to work at the museum unchaperoned, but they were also totally barred from formal training.Harmon, Melissa Burdick. "Monet, Renoir, Degas...Morisot the Forgotten Genius of Impressionism." ''Biography'', vol. 5, no. 6, June 2001, p. 98. EBSCO''host'' Guichard also introduced them to the works of Gavarni. As art students, Berthe and Edma worked closely together until 1869, when Edma married Adolphe Pontillon, a naval officer, moved to

Cherbourg Cherbourg is a former Communes of France, commune and Subprefectures in France, subprefecture located at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French departments of France, department of Manche. It was merged into the com ...

, and had less time to paint. Letters between the sisters show a loving relationship, underscored by Berthe's regret at the distance between them and Edma's withdrawal from painting. Edma wholeheartedly supported Berthe's continued work and their families always remained close. Edma wrote ''"... I am often with you in thought, dear Berthe. I'm in your studio and I like to slip away, if only for a quarter of an hour, to breathe that atmosphere that we shared for many years..."''. Her sister Yves married Théodore Gobillard, a tax inspector, in 1866 and was painted by

as ''Madame Théodore Gobillard'' (

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...

, New York City). As a

copyist A copyist is a person who makes duplications of the same thing. The modern use of the term is mainly confined to music copyists, who are employed by the music industry to produce neat copies from a composer or arranger's manuscript. However, the ...

at the Louvre, Morisot met and befriended other artists such as Manet and Monet. In 1861 she was introduced to

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot ( , , ; 16 July 1796 – 22 February 1875), or simply Camille Corot, was a French Landscape art, landscape and Portraitist, portrait painter as well as a printmaking, printmaker in etching. A pivotal figure in ...

, the pivotal landscape painter of the Barbizon school who also excelled in figure painting. Under Corot's influence, she took up the

plein air ''En plein air'' (; French for 'outdoors'), or plein-air painting, is the act of painting outdoors. This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein air' painting is c ...

(outdoors) method of working. By 1863 she was studying under , another Barbizon painter. In the winter of 1863–64 she studied sculpture under Aimé Millet, but none of her sculptures is known to survive.

Main periods of Morisot's work

Training, 1857–1870

It is hard to trace the stages of Morisot's training and to tell the exact influence of her teachers because she was never pleased with her work and she destroyed nearly all of the artworks she produced before 1869. Her first teacher, Geoffroy-Alphonse Chocarne, taught her the basics of drawing. After several months, Morisot began to take classes taught by Guichard. During this period, she drew mostly ancient classical figures. When Morisot expressed her interests in

plein-air ''En plein air'' (; French language, French for 'outdoors'), or plein-air painting, is the act of painting outdoors. This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein ai ...

painting, Guichard sent her to follow Corot and Oudinot. Painting outdoors, she used watercolors which are easy to carry. At that time, Morisot also became interested in pastel.

Watercolorist, 1870–1874

During this period, Morisot still found oil painting difficult, and worked mostly in watercolor. Her choice of colors is rather restrained; however, the delicate repetition of hues renders a balanced effect. Due to specific characteristics of watercolors as a medium, Morisot was able to create a translucent atmosphere and feathery touch, which contribute to the freshness in her paintings.

Impressionism, 1875–1885

Having become more confident about oil painting, Morisot worked in oil, watercolor and pastel at the same time, as Degas did. She painted very quickly but did much sketching as preparation, so she could paint "a mouth, eyes, and a nose with a single brushstroke." She made countless studies of her subjects, which were drawn from her life so she became quite familiar with them. When it became inconvenient to paint outdoors, the highly finished watercolors done in the preparatory stages allowed her to continue painting indoors later.

Turning, 1885–1887

After 1885, drawing began to dominate in Morisot's works. Morisot actively experimented with charcoals and color pencils. Her reviving interest in drawing was motivated by her Impressionist friends, who are known for blurring forms. Morisot put her emphasis on the clarification of the form and lines during this period. In addition, she was influenced by photography and

Japonism ''Japonisme'' is a French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design among a number of Western European artists in the nineteenth century following the forced reopening of foreign trade with Japan in 1858. Japon ...

e. She adopted the style of placing objects away from the center of the composition from Japanese prints of the time.

Synthesis, 1887–1895

Morisot started to use the technique of squaring and the medium of tracing paper to transcribe her drawing to the canvas exactly. By employing this new method, Morisot was able to create compositions with more complicated interaction between figures. She stressed the composition and the forms while her Impressionist brushstrokes still remained. Her original synthesis of the Impressionist touch with broad strokes and light reflections, and the graphic approach featured by clear lines, made her late works distinctive.

Style and technique

Because she was a female artist, Morisot's paintings were often labeled as being full of "feminine charm" by male critics, for their elegance and lightness. In 1890, Morisot wrote in a notebook about her struggles to be taken seriously as an artist: "I don't think there has ever been a man who treated a woman as an equal and that's all I would have asked for, for I know I'm worth as much as they." Her light brushstrokes often led to critics using the verb "effleurer" (to touch lightly, brush against) to describe her technique. In her early life, Morisot painted in the open air as other Impressionists to look for truths in observation. Around 1880 she began painting on unprimed canvases—a technique Manet and

Eva Gonzalès Eva Gonzalès (19 April 1849 – 6 May 1883) was a French Impressionist painter. She was one of the four most notable female Impressionists in the nineteenth century, along with Mary Cassatt (1844–1926), Berthe Morisot (1841–95), and Mari ...

also experimented with at the time—and her brushwork became looser. In 1888–89, her brushstrokes transitioned from short, rapid strokes to long, sinuous ones that define form. The outer edges of her paintings were often left unfinished, allowing the canvas to show through and increasing the sense of spontaneity. After 1885, she worked mostly from preliminary drawings before beginning her oil paintings. She often worked in oil paint, watercolors, and pastel simultaneously, and sketched using various drawing media. Morisot's works are almost always small in scale. Morisot creates a sense of space and depth through the use of color. Although her color palette was somewhat limited, her fellow impressionists regarded her as a "virtuoso colorist". She typically made expansive use of white to create a sense of transparency, whether used as a pure white or mixed with other colors. In her large painting ''The Cherry Tree'', the colors are more vivid but still emphasize the form. Inspired by Manet's drawings, she kept the use of color to a minimum when constructing a motif. Responding to the experiments conducted by Manet and

, Morisot used barely tinted whites to harmonize the paintings. Like Degas, she played with three media simultaneously in one painting: watercolor, pastel, and oil paints. In the second half of her career, she learned from Renoir by mimicking his motifs. She also shared an interest in keeping a balance between the density of figures and the atmospheric traits of light with Renoir in her later works.

Subjects

Jeune Fille au Manteau Vert by Berthe Morisot

Morisot painted what she experienced on a daily basis. Most of her paintings include domestic scenes of family, children, ladies, and flowers, depicting what women's life was like in the late nineteenth century. Instead of portraying the public space and society, Morisot preferred private, intimate scenes. This reflects the cultural restrictions of her class and gender at that time. Like her fellow Impressionist

, she focused on domestic life and portraits in which she could use family and personal friends as models, including her daughter Julie and sister Edma. The stenographic presentation of her daily life conveys a strong hope to stop the fleeting passage of time. By portraying flowers, she used metaphors to celebrate womanhood. Prior to the 1860s, Morisot painted subjects in line with the Barbizon school before turning to scenes of contemporary femininity. Paintings like ''The Cradle'' (1872), in which she depicted current trends for nursery furniture, reflect her sensitivity to fashion and advertising, both of which would have been apparent to her female audience. Her works also include landscapes, garden settings, boating scenes, and themes of boredom or

ennui In conventional usage, boredom, , or tedium is an emotion characterized by uninterest in one's surrounding, often caused by a lack of distractions or occupations. Although, "There is no universally accepted definition of boredom. But whatever ...

. Later in her career Morisot worked with more ambitious themes, such as nudes. In her late works, she often referred to the past to recall a memory from her earlier life and youth, and her departed companions.

Impressionism

Morisot's first appearance in the Salon de Paris came at the age of twenty-three in 1864, with the acceptance of two

landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ...

paintings. She continued to show regularly in the Salon, to generally favorable reviews, until 1873, the year before the

First Impressionist Exhibition The First Impressionist Exhibition was an art exhibition held by the , a group of nineteenth-century artists who had been rejected by the official Paris Salon (Paris), Salon and pursued their own venue to exhibit their artworks. The exhibition wa ...

. She exhibited with the Impressionists from 1874 onwards, only missing the exhibition in 1879 when her daughter Julie was born. Impressionism's alleged attachment to brilliant color, sensual surface effects, and fleeting sensory perceptions led a number of critics to assert in retrospect that this style, once primarily the battlefield of insouciant, combative males, was inherently feminine and best suited to women's weaker temperaments, lesser intellectual capabilities, and greater sensibility. During Morisot's 1874 exhibition with the Impressionists, such as Monet and Manet, Le Figaro critic Albert Wolff noted that the Impressionists consisted of "five or six lunatics of which one is a woman...

hose A hose is a flexible hollow tube or pipe designed to carry fluids from one location to another, often from a faucet or hydrant. Early hoses were made of leather, although modern hoses are typically made of rubber, canvas, and helically wound w ...

feminine grace is maintained amid the outpourings of a delirious mind." Morisot's mature career began in 1872. She found an audience for her work with

Durand-Ruel Paul Durand-Ruel (; 31 October 1831 – 5 February 1922) was a French art dealer associated with the Impressionism, Impressionists and the Barbizon school, Barbizon School. Being the first to support artists such as Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, ...

, the private dealer, who bought twenty-two paintings. In 1877, she was described by the critic for ''Le Temps'' as the "one real Impressionist in this group." She chose to exhibit under her full maiden name instead of using a pseudonym or her married name. As her skill and style improved, many began to rethink their opinion toward Morisot. In the 1880 exhibition, many reviews judged Morisot among the best, even including ''Le Figaro'' critic Albert Wolff. Edouard Manet - Berthe Morisot With a Bouquet of Violets - Google Art Project

Edouard Manet - Berthe Morisot With a Bouquet of Violets - Google Art Project

Personal life

Morisot came from an eminent family, the daughter of a senior government official and the great-niece of Rococo artist

Henri Fantin-Latour Henri Fantin-Latour (; 14 January 1836 – 25 August 1904) was a French painter and lithographer best known for his flower paintings and group portraits of Parisian artists and writers. Early life Born in Grenoble, Isère, Ignace Henri Jean Th� ...

, a fellow artist, introduced Morisot to Edouard Manet in 1868. She became his longtime friend and colleague, and she married his brother, Eugène Manet, in 1874. On 14 November 1878, she gave birth to her only child, Julie, who posed frequently for her mother and other Impressionist artists, including Renoir and her uncle Édouard. Correspondence between Morisot and Édouard Manet shows warm affection, and Manet gave her an easel as a Christmas present. Morisot often posed for Manet and there are several portrait paintings of Morisot such as '' Repose (Portrait of Berthe Morisot)'' and '' Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets''. Morisot died on 2 March 1895, in Paris, of

pneumonia Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...

contracted while attending to her daughter Julie's similar illness, thus making Julie an orphan at the age of 16. The day before she died, Berthe wrote to Julie: Berthe Morisot was interred in the Cimetière de Passy. It has been speculated that there was a repressed love between Manet and Morisot, exemplified by the numerous portraits he did of her before she married his brother.

Works

Selection of works

:''This list is incomplete, you can help by expanding it with certified entries.'' This limited selection is based in part on the book ''Berthe Morisot'' by Charles F. Stuckey, William P. Scott and Susan G. Lindsay, which is in turn drawn from the 1961 catalogue by Marie-Louise Bataille, Denis Rouart, and Georges Wildenstein. There are variations between the dates of execution, first showing and purchase. Titles may vary between sources.

1864–1874

* ''Étude'', 1864, oil on canvas, 60.3 × 73 cm, private collection * ''Chaumière en Normandie'', 1865, oil on canvas, 46 × 55 cm, private collection * ''La Seine en aval du pont d'Iéna'', 1866, oil on canvas, 51 × 73 cm, private collection * ''La Rivière de Pont Aven à Roz-Bras'', 1867, oil on canvas, 55 × 73 cm, private collection – Chicago * ''Bateaux à l'aurore'', 1869, pastel on paper, 19.7 × 26.7 cm, private collection *''Jeune fille à sa fenêtre'', 1869, oil on canvas, 36.8 × 45.4 cm, private collection * '' Madame Morisot et sa fille Madame Pontillon (La Lecture)'', 1869–1870, oil on canvas, 101 × 81.8 cm,

National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art is an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in ...

, Washington, D.C. * '' Vue du petit port de Lorient (The Harbor at Lorient)'', 1869, oil on canvas, 43 × 72 cm,

, Washington, D.C. * ''Le Port de Cherbourg'', 1871, crayon and watercolour on paper, 15.6 × 20.3 cm, private collection of Paul Mellon, Upperville, Virginia * ''Le Port de Cherbourg'', 1871, oil on canvas, 41.9 × 55.9 cm, private collection of Paul Mellon, Upperville, Virginia * ''Vue de paris de hauteurs du Trocadéro'', 1871, oil on canvas, 46.1 × 81.5 cm,

Santa Barbara Museum of Art The Santa Barbara Museum of Art (SBMA) is an art museum located in downtown Santa Barbara, California. Founded in 1941, it is home to both permanent and special collections, the former of which includes Asian art, Asian, Visual arts of the United ...

, California * ''Femme et enfant au balcon'', 1871–72, watercolor, 20.6 × 17.3 cm,

Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...

* ''Intérieur'', 1871, oil on canvas, 60 × 73 cm, private collection * ''Portrait de Madame Pontillon'', 1871, pastel on paper, 85.5 × 65.8 cm,

– drawings cabinet gift of Madame Edma Pontillon to the Louvre in 1921, in the collection of the

Musée d'Orsay The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) () is a museum in Paris, France, on the Rive Gauche, Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts railway station built from 1898 to 1900. The museum holds mai ...

* ''L'Entrée du port'', 1871,The scene ''L'Entrée du port'' is often confused with ''L'Entrée du port de Cherbourg'' purchased in 1874 by Durand-Ruel, or confused with ''Le Port de Cherbourg'' watercolour on paper, 24.9 × 15.1 cm, ,

Bagnols-sur-Cèze Bagnols-sur-Cèze (, "Bagnols-on-Cèze"; ) is a Communes of France, commune in the Gard Departments of France, department in the Occitania (administrative region), Occitania Regions of France, region in Southern France. History A small regiona ...

– drawings cabinet * ''Madame Pontillon et sa fille Jeanne sur un canapé'', 1871, watercolour on paper, 25.1 × 25.9 cm,

, Washington * ''Jeune fille sur un banc (Edma Pontillon)'', 1872, oil on canvas, 33 × 41 cm * ''Cache-cache'', 1872, oil on canvas, 33 × 41 cm, Private collection * '' Le Berceau'', 1872, oil on canvas, 56 × 46 cm

, Paris * ''La Lecture (Edma lisant)'', also titled ''L'Ombrelle verte'', 1873, oil on canvas, 45.1 × 72.4 cm,

Cleveland Museum of Art The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an art museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Located in the Wade Park District of University Circle, the museum is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian art, Asian and Art of anc ...

Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

* ''Sur la plage des Petites-Dalles'', 1873, oil on canvas, 24.1 × 50.2 cm,

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA) is an art museum in Richmond, Virginia, United States, which opened in 1936. The museum is owned and operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia. Private donations, endowments, and funds are used for the supp ...

Richmond, Virginia Richmond ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), U.S. commonwealth of Virginia. Incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city (United States), independent city since 1871. ...

* ''Madame Boursier et sa fille'', 1873, oil on canvas, 74 × 52 cm, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts * ''Le Village de Maurecourt'', 1873, pastel on paper, 47 × 71.8 cm, private collection * ''Coin de Paris vu de Passy'', 1873, pastel on paper, 27 × 34.9 cm, private collection * ''Sur la terrasse'', 1874, oil on canvas, 45 × 54 cm, Musée du Petit Palais, Paris * ''In a Villa by the Seaside'', 1874, oil on canvas,50.2 x 61 cm, Norton Simon Art Foundation,

Norton Simon Museum The Norton Simon Museum is an art museum located in Pasadena, California. It was previously known as the Pasadena Art Institute and the Pasadena Art Museum and displays numerous sculptures on its grounds. Overview The Norton Simon collections ...

Pasadena, CA Pasadena ( ) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley. Old Pasadena is the city's original commercial ...

* ''Portrait de Madame Hubbard'', 1874, oil on canvas, 50.5 × 81 cm,

Ordrupgaard Ordrupgaard is a state-owned art museum situated near Jægersborg Dyrehave, north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The museum houses one of Northern Europe's most important collections of Danish art, Danish and French art from the 19th and beginning of th ...

museum de

Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...

* ''Femme et enfant au bord de la mer '', 1874, watercolor on paper, 16 × 21.3 cm, private collection * '' Dans le parc'', ''c.'' 1874, pastel on paper, 72.5 × 91.8 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris, Petit Palais.

1875–1884

* ''Percher de blanchisseuses '', 1875, Oil on canvas 33 × 40.8 cm,

, Washington D.C. * ''Jeune fille au miroir'', 1875, oil on canvas, 54 × 45 cm, private collection * ''Scène de port dans l'île de Wight'', 1875, oil on canvas, 48 × 36 cm private collection * ''Scène de port dans l'île de Wight'', 1875, oil on canvas, 43 × 64 cm, Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey * '' Eugène Manet à l'île de Wight'', 1875, oil on canvas, 38 × 46 cm private collection * ''Avant d'un yacht'', 1875, watercolour on paper, 20.6 × 26.7 cm, Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts * '' Femme à sa toilette'', 1875, oil on canvas, 46 × 38 cm private collection * '' Femme à sa toilette '', 1875–1880, hst, dim; 60.3 × 80.4 cm, Coll.

* ''Portrait de femme (Avant le théâtre)'', 1875, oil on canvas, 57 × 31 cm, Galerie Schröder & Leisewitz,

Bremen Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (, ), is the capital of the States of Germany, German state of the Bremen (state), Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (), a two-city-state consisting of the c ...

* ''Jeune femme au bal'' encore intitulé ''Jeune femme en toilette de bal'', 1876, oil on canvas, 86 × 53 cm

* ''Au Bal'' ou ''Jeune fille au bal'', 1875, oil on canvas, 62 × 52 cm, Musée Marmottan-Monet, Paris *''Jeune Femme arrosant un arbuste,'' 1876, oil on canvas, 40.01 × 31.75 cm,

* ''Le Corsage noir '', 1876, oil on canvas, 73 × 59.8 cm

National Gallery of Ireland The National Gallery of Ireland () houses the national collection of Irish and European art. It is located in the centre of Dublin with one entrance on Merrion Square, beside Leinster House, and another on Clare Street, Dublin, Clare Street. It ...

, Dublin * '' La Psyché'', 1876, oil on canvas, 65 × 54 cm,

Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum The Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum (, ; named after its founder, Baron Heinrich Thyssen, Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza), or simply the Thyssen, is an art museum in Madrid, Spain, located near the Museo del Prado, Prado Museum on one of the city ...

, Madrid * ''Rêveuse'', 1877, pastel on canvas, 50.2 × 61 cm,

Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is an art gallery, art museum in Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, known for its encyclopedic collection of art from nearly every continent and culture, and especially for its extensive collection of A ...

Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City, Missouri, abbreviated KC or KCMO, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by List of cities in Missouri, population and area. The city lies within Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson, Clay County, Missouri, Clay, and Pl ...

* ''L'Été'', encore intitulé ''Jeune femme près d'une fenêtre'' 1878, oil on canvas, 76 × 61 cm, Musée Fabre,

Montpellier Montpellier (; ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of France, department of ...

* ''Jeune feme assise'', 1878–1879, oil on canvas, 80 × 100 cm, private collection New York City * ''Jeune fille de dos à sa toilette'', encore intitulé ''Femme à sa toilette'' 1879, oil on canvas, 60.3 × 80.4 cm

* '' Le Lac du Bois de Boulogne (Jour d'été)'', 1879, 45.7 × 75.3 cm,

National Gallery The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of more than 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current di ...

, London * ''Dans le jardin (Dames cueillant des fleurs)'', 1879, oil on canvas, 61 × 73.5 cm,

Nationalmuseum Nationalmuseum is the List of national galleries, national gallery of fine arts of Sweden, located on the peninsula Blasieholmen in central Stockholm. The museum's operations stretch far beyond the borders of Blasieholmen, including the Natio ...

Stockholm * ''Jeune femme en toilette de bal (Young Woman in Evening Dress)'', 1879, oil on canvas, 71 x 54 cm,

, Paris * ''Hiver'', 1880, oil on canvas, 73.5 × 58.5 cm,

Dallas Museum of Art The Dallas Museum of Art (DMA) is an art museum located in the Arts District of downtown Dallas, Texas, along Woodall Rodgers Freeway between St. Paul and Harwood. In the 1970s, the museum moved from its previous location in Fair Park to the A ...

* ''Deux filles assises près d'une table'', 1880, crayon and watercolour on paper 19,6 × 26.6 cm private collection Germany * ''Bateaux sur la Seine''. c. 1880, 25.5 × 50 cm. Provenance: acquired from the artist's family by the first owner, sold with a letter of authenticity from Daniel Wildenstein at Sotheby's, 1984. * ''Plage à Nice'' 1881–1882, watercolour on paper 42 × 55 cm,

Stockholm * ''Le Port de Nice'', 1881–1882, oil on canvas, 53 × 43 cm private collection * ''Le Port de Nice'', 1881–1882, oil on canvas, 41 × 55 cm private collection * ''Le Port de Nice'' 1881 (?)third version format 38 × 46 cm conserved at

* ''Le Thé'', 1882, oil on canvas, 57.5 × 71.5 cm, Fondation Madelon

Vaduz Vaduz (; or ; High Alemannic pronunciation: [])Hans Stricker, Toni Banzer, Herbert Hilbe: ''Liechtensteiner Namenbuch. Die Orts- und Flurnamen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein.'' Band 2: ''Die Namen der Gemeinden Triesenberg, Vaduz, Schaan.'' ...

, Liechtenstein * ''Le Port de Nice'', 1881–1882, oil on canvas, 53 × 43 cm private collection * ''La Fable'', 1883, oil on canvas, 65 × 81 cm private collection * ''Le Jardin (Femmes dans le jardin)'' (1882–1883) oil on canvas, 99.1 × 127 cm,

Sara Lee Corporation The Sara Lee Corporation was an American consumer-goods company based in Downers Grove, Illinois. The Sara Lee name was used of a number of frozen and packaged foods, often known for the long-running slogan "Everybody doesn't like something, b ...

, Chicago * ''Eugène Manet et sa fille au jardin'' 1883, oil on canvas, 60 × 73, private collection * ''Dans le jardin à Maurecourt'', 1883, oil on canvas, 54 × 65 cm,

Toledo Museum of Art The Toledo Museum of Art is an internationally known art museum located in the Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio. It houses a collection of more than 30,000 objects. With 45 galleries, it covers 280,000 square feet and is currently in th ...

* ''Le Quai de Bougival'', 1883, oil on canvas, 55.5 × 46 cm,

Nasjonalgalleriet The National Gallery () is a gallery in Oslo, Norway. Since 2003 it is administratively a part of the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design. History It was established in 1842 following a parliamentary decision from 1836. Originally lo ...

, Oslo * ''Julie et son bateau (Enfant jouant)'', 1883, watercolour on paper, 25 × 16 cm, private collection * ''La Meule de foin'' 1883, oil on canvas, 55.3 × 45.7 cm, private collection, New York * ''Dans la véranda'', 1884, oil on canvas, 81 × 10 cm, private collection * ''Julie avec sa poupée'', 1884, oil on canvas, 82 × 10 cm, private collection * ''Petite fille avec sa poupée (Julie Manet)'', 1884, pastel on paper, 60 × 46 cm, private collection * ''Sur le lac'', 1884, oil on canvas, 65 × 54 cm, private collection * ''The Artist's Daughter, Julie, with her Nanny'', c. 1884, oil on canvas,

Minneapolis Institute of Art The Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) is an arts museum located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Home to more than 90,000 works of art representing 5,000 years of world history, Mia is one of the List of largest art museums, largest ar ...

1885–1894

* ''Autoportrait'', 1885, pastel on paper, 47.5 × 37.5 cm,

* ''Autoportrait avec Julie'', 1885, oil on canvas, 72 × 91 cm, private collection * ''Jeune femme assise au Bois de Boulogne'', 1885, watercolour on paper, 19 × 28 cm,

, New York City * ''La Forêt de Compiègne'', 1885, oil on canvas, 54.2 × 64.8 cm,

* ''Le Bain (Jeune file se coiffant)'', 1885–1886, oil on canvas, 81.1 × 72.3 cm,

* '' Dans la salle à manger'', 1885–1886, oil on canvas, 61.3 × 50 cm,

* ''Le Lever'', 1886, oil on canvas, 65 × 54 cm, collection Durand-Ruel * ''Intérieur à Jersey (Intérieur de cottage)'', 1886, oil on canvas, 50 × 60 cm, Musée communal des beaux-arts d'Ixelles * ''Femme s'essuyant'', 1886–1887, pastel on paper, 42 × 41 cm, Non localisé * ''Julie avec un chat'', 1887,

drypoint Drypoint is a printmaking technique of the intaglio (printmaking), intaglio family, in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix") with a hard-pointed "needle" of sharp metal or diamond point. In principle, the method is practically iden ...

, 14.5 × 11.3 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington * ''Nu de dos'', 1887,

charcoal Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, ca ...

on paper, 57 × 43 cm, private collection * ''Éventail en médaillon'', 1887, watercolour on silk fan, private collection * ''Portrait de Paule Gobillard'', 1887, coloured pencil on paper, 27.9 × 22.9 cm,

Reader's Digest Association Trusted Media Brands, Inc. (TMBI), formerly known as the Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (RDA), is an American Multimedia, multi-platform media and publishing company that is co-headquartered in New York City and in White Plains, New York. T ...

, New York * ''Le Lac du Bois de Boulogne'', 1887, watercolour on paper, 29.5 × 22.2 cm,

National Museum of Women in the Arts The National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA), located in Washington, D.C., is "the first museum in the world solely dedicated" to championing women through the arts. NMWA was incorporated in 1981 by Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay. Since openi ...

, Washington * ''Fillette lisant (La lecture)'', 1888, oil on canvas, 74.3 × 92.7 cm, Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida) * '' Jeune Fille dans un parc (Young Girl in a Park)'', 1888–1893, oil on canvas, 90 × 81 cm, Musée des Augustins, Toulouse * ''Berthe Morisot and Julie Manet'', c.1888–1890, drypoint, 18.42 x 13.49 cm, Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis * ''La Cueillette des oranges'', 1889, pastel, 61 × 46 cm, Musée d'art et d'histoire de Provence,

Grasse Grasse (; Provençal dialect, Provençal in classical norm or in Mistralian norm ; traditional ) is the only Subprefectures in France, subprefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes Departments of France, department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur Re ...

*'' La Petite Niçoise (The Small Girl from Nice)'', 1889, oil on canvas, 64 × 52 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon *''Sous l'oranger (Julie)'', 1889, oil on canvas, 54 × 65 cm, private collection *''L'Île du Bois de Boulogne'', 1889, oil on canvas, 68.4 × 54.6 cm,

, Washington *''Le Flageolet (Julie Manet et Jeanne Gobillard)'', 1891, oil on canvas, 56 × 87 cm, private collection *''Le Cerisier 1891'', 1891, oil on canvas, 138 × 88.9 cm, private collection, Washington *'' Étude pour Le Cerisier'', 1891, pastel on paper, 45.7 × 48.9 cm, The Reader's Digest Association *''Julie Manet avec son lévrier'', 1893, oil on canvas, 73× 80 cm, Musée Marmottan-Monet, Paris *''Les Enfants de Gabriel Thomas'', 1894, oil on canvas, 100 × 80 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris *''La Coiffure'', 1894, oil on canvas, 100 × 80 cm,

Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires) The National Museum of Fine Arts () is an Argentina, Argentine art museum in Buenos Aires, located in the Recoleta, Buenos Aires, Recoleta section of the city. The Museum inaugurated a branch in Neuquén in 2004. The museum hosts works by Goya, Re ...

*''Jeune fille aux cheveux noirs'', 1894, pencil and watercolour, 23.1 × 16.8 cm,

Philadelphia Museum of Art The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) is an List of art museums#North America, art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at ...

Philadelphia Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...

Gallery

File:The Artist's Sister at a Window A16570.jpg, ''The Artist's Sister at a Window'', 1869,

, Washington D.C. File:Berthe Morisot, The Sisters, 1869, NGA 42285.jpg, ''The Sisters'', 1869,

, Washington D.C. File:Berthe Morisot 001.jpg, ''Woman and Child on the Balcony (Femme et enfant au balcon)'', 1872,

Artizon Museum Artizon Museum , until 2018 , is an art museum in Tokyo, Japan. The museum was founded in 1952 by the founder of Bridgestone Tire Co., Shojiro Ishibashi, Ishibashi Shojiro (his family name means stone bridge). The museum's collections include I ...

, Tokyo File:Berthe Morisot 008.jpg, '' The Cradle'', 1872,

, Paris File:Berthe Morisot Reading.jpg, ''L'ombrelle verte,'' ''Reading (portrait of Edma Morisot),'' 1873,

File:Berthe Morisot Jeune fille au bal.jpg, ''Au Bal'', 1875, Musée Marmottan-Monet, Paris File:1875 Morisot Laundry.jpg, ''Suspendre le linge pour sécher (Hanging the Laundry out to Dry)'', 1875,

, Washington D.C. File:Berthe Morisot - Woman at Her Toilette - 1924.127 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, '' Woman at her Toilette'', 1875, The Art Institute of Chicago File:Berthe Morisot - Eugène Manet à l'île de Wight.jpg, ''Eugène Manet on the

Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (Help:IPA/English, /waɪt/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''WYTE'') is an island off the south coast of England which, together with its surrounding uninhabited islets and Skerry, skerries, is also a ceremonial county. T ...

'', 1875,

Musée Marmottan Monet Musée Marmottan Monet () is an art museum in Paris, France, dedicated to artist Claude Monet. The collection features over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings by Claude Monet, including his 1872 ''Impression, Sunrise''. ...

, Paris File:Psique.berthe.morisot.jpg, '' La Psyché'', 1876,

, Madrid File:Berthe Morisot - Sommertag - 1879.jpeg, '' Summer's Day (Jour d'été)'', 1879,

, London File:Berthe Morisot Winter aka Woman with a Muff.jpg, ''Winter aka Woman with a Muff (Hiver)'', 1880, Dallas Museum of Arts File:Child among the Hollyhocks - Berthe Morisot - Paris 1863 – 1874- Revolution in der Kunst-9810 (without frame).jpg, ''Child among the Hollyhocks (Enfant dans les roses trémières)'', 1881, Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne File:Morisot TheArtistsDaughterJulieWithHerNanny MIA 9640.jpg, ''The Artists' Daughter Julie With Her Nanny'', c.1884,

File:Girl on Divan ca. 1885 – Berthe Morisot.jpg, ''Girl on Divan'', ca. 1885,

, London File:Berthe Morisot - The Cage, 1885.jpg, ''The Cage'', 1885,

, Washington D.C. File:Berthe Morisot The Bath.jpg, ''The Bath (Girl Arranging Her Hair)'', 1885–86,

Clark Art Institute The Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, commonly referred to as the Clark, is an art museum and research institution located in Williamstown, Massachusetts, Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States. Its collection consists of European ...

, Williamstown, Massachusetts File:Berthe Morisot 003.jpg, ''In the Dining Room'', 1886,

, Washington D.C. File:Morisot Jeune fille dans un parc (RO 708).jpg, '' Young Girl in a Park'', 1888–1893, Musée des Augustins, Toulouse File:Before the Mirror by Berthe Morisot.jpg, ''Before the Mirror'', 1890, Fondation Pierre Gianadda, Switzerland File:Berthe Morisot - The Flute Player.jpg, ''Le Flageolet'' (''The Flute Player''), 1890, Arkansas Museum of Fine Arts File:Berthe Morisot - Girl with Greyhound - 1893.jpg, ''Julie Manet et son Lévrier Laerte'', 1893,

, Paris File:Berthe Morisot - Bergère nue couchée.jpg, ''Bergère nue couchée'', 1891,

, Madrid File:Two Girls by Berthe Morisot.jpg, ''Two Girls'', 1894,

The Phillips Collection The Phillips Collection is an art museum founded by Duncan Phillips and Marjorie Acker Phillips in 1921 as the Phillips Memorial Gallery located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Phillips was the grandson of James H. Laughli ...

, Washington D.C.

Portraits of Morisot

Image:Édouard Manet - Le Balcon.jpg, Detail from ''

The Balcony ''The Balcony'' () is a Play (theatre), play by the French people, French dramatist Jean Genet. It is set in an unnamed city that is experiencing a revolutionary uprising in the streets; most of the action takes place in an upmarket brothel that ...

'' by

, with the portrait of Berthe in the foreground, 1868 Image:Édouard Manet - Le repos.jpg, Berthe Morisot posing for ''The Rest'', 1870, by

Image:Édouard Manet - Berthe Morisot on a divan.jpg, ''Berthe Morisot on a divan couch'', 1872, by Édouard Manet Image:Berthe Morisot Manet Lille 2918.jpg, Portrait of '' Berthe Morisot with a Fan'', 1874, by Édouard Manet Image:Marcellin Desboutin - Portrait Berthe Morisot.jpg, ''Portrait of Berthe Morisot'', 1876, by

Marcellin Desboutin Marcellin Gilbert Desboutin (Cérilly, Allier, Cérilly 26 August 1823 – 18 February 1902 Nice) was a French painter, printmaking, printmaker, and writer. Desboutin always signed himself ''Baron de Rochefort.'' Biography Desboutin was born ...

Image:Manet - Berthe Morisot ruhend.jpg, ''Portrait of Berthe Morisot'', 1882, by Édouard Manet Image:Édouard Manet - Berthe Morisot au soulier rose.jpg, ''Berthe Morisot au soulier rose'', 1872, by

. Hiroshima Museum of Art Image:Pierre Auguste Renoir - Portrait Berthe Morisot and daughter Julie.jpg, ''Berthe Morisot and her daughter Julie Manet'', 1894, by

Image:Renoir Berthe Morisot.jpg, ''Berthe Morisot'', 1892, by Renoir

Art market

Morisot's work sold comparatively well. She achieved the two highest prices at a Hôtel Drouot auction in 1875, the ''Interior (Young Woman with Mirror)'' sold for 480 francs, and her pastel ''On the Lawn'' sold for 320 francs. Her works averaged 250 francs, the best relative prices at the auction. In February 2013, Morisot became the highest priced female artist, when ''After Lunch'' (1881), a portrait of a young redhead in a straw hat and purple dress, sold for $10.9 million at a

Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie (auctioneer), James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Geneva, Shan ...

auction. The painting achieved roughly three times its upper estimate,Kelly Crow and Mary M. Lane (6 February 2013)
Christie's Breaks World Record Price for Female Artist
''

The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' (''WSJ''), also referred to simply as the ''Journal,'' is an American newspaper based in New York City. The newspaper provides extensive coverage of news, especially business and finance. It operates on a subscriptio ...

''.Ellen Gamerman and Mary M. Lane (18 April 2013)
Women on the Verge
''

''. and it exceeded the 2012 record of $10.7 million for a sculpture by

Louise Bourgeois Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (; 25 December 191131 May 2010) was a French-American artist. Although she is best known for her large-scale sculpture and installation art, Bourgeois was also a prolific painter and printmaker. She explored a varie ...

Legacy

She was portrayed by actress Marine Delterme in a 2012 French biographical TV film directed by Caroline Champetier. The character of Beatrice de Clerval in Elizabeth Kostova's '' The Swan Thieves'' is largely based on Morisot. She was featured as the "A First Impressionist" in an article written by Anne Truitt in the ''New York Times'' on 3 June 1990. From Melissa Burdick Harmon, an editor at ''Biography'' magazine, "While some of Morisot's work may seem to us today like sweet depictions of babies in cradles, at the time these images were considered extremely intimate, as objects related to infants belonged exclusively to the world of women." In 2019, the

devoted a temporary exhibition to Berthe Morisot to pay tribute to her work.Berthe Morisot (1841-1895), from June 18 to September 22, 2019
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Exhibition

Notes

References

Sources

* * Denvir, Bernard (1993). ''The Chronicle of Impressionism: An Intimate Diary of the Lives and World of the Great Artists''. London: Thames & Hudson. * Higonnet, Anne (1990). ''Berthe Morisot''. New York: Harper & Row. * Turner, Jane (2000). ''From Monet to Cézanne: Late 19th-century French Artists''. Grove Art. New York:

St. Martin's Press St. Martin's Press is a book publisher headquartered in Manhattan in New York City. It is headquartered in the Equitable Building (New York City), Equitable Building. St. Martin's Press is considered one of the largest English-language publishe ...

. * Manet, Julie, Rosalind de Boland Roberts, and Jane Roberts (1987). ''Growing Up with the Impressionists: The Diary of Julie Manet''. London: Sotheby's Publications. * Shennan, Margaret (1996). ''Berthe Morisot: The First Lady of Impressionism''. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.

External links

* * *
Edma Morisot, 1865, ''Berthe Morisot painting at her easel'' Private collection.

Berthe Morisot
at the

WebMuseum The WebMuseum, formerly known as "Virtual Louvre" and "WebLouvre", was an early art-related website. The WebMuseum was founded by Nicolas Pioch in France in 1994, while he was a student. It is one of the earliest examples of a virtual museum. The ...

Biography of Berthe Morisot
*
Berthe Morisot: Woman Impressionist
Exhibition at the Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, 21 October 2018 – 14 January 2019.
Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
Exhibition at the

, Paris, 18 June to 22 September 2019. {{DEFAULTSORT:Morisot, Berthe Berthe Morisot 1841 births 1895 deaths Artists from Bourges 19th-century French painters French Impressionist painters Burials at Passy Cemetery 19th-century French women painters