Bella Abzug (; née Savitzky; July 24, 1920 – March 31, 1998), nicknamed "Battling Bella", was an American lawyer, politician, social activist, and a leader in the
women's movement
The feminist movement, also known as the women's movement, refers to a series of social movements and political campaigns for radical and liberal reforms on women's issues created by inequality between men and women. Such issues are women's ...
. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as
Gloria Steinem
Gloria Marie Steinem ( ; born March 25, 1934) is an American journalist and social movement, social-political activist who emerged as a nationally recognized leader of second-wave feminism in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ...
,
Shirley Chisholm, and
Betty Friedan to found the
National Women's Political Caucus. She was a leading figure in what came to be known as
ecofeminism
Ecofeminism integrates feminism and political ecology. Ecofeminist thinkers draw on the concept of gender to analyze relationships between humans and the natural world. The term was coined by the French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne in her 1974 ...
.
In 1970, Abzug's first campaign slogan was, "This woman's place is in the House—the
House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entities. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often ...
." She was later appointed to co-chair the National Commission on the Observance of
International Women's Year
International Women's Year (IWY) was the name given to 1975 by the United Nations. Since that year March 8 has been celebrated as International Women's Day, and the United Nations Decade for Women, from 1976 to 1985, was also established.
History
...
created by President
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, Ford assumed the p ...
's executive order, presided over the
1977 National Women's Conference, and led President
Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (October 1, 1924December 29, 2024) was an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party ...
's National Advisory Commission for Women. Abzug was a founder of the Commission for Women's Equality of the
American Jewish Congress.
Early life
Bella Savitzky was born on July 24, 1920, in New York City.
Both of her parents were
Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrants from
Chernihiv,
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
(now Ukraine).
[''All New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820–1957''] Her mother, Esther (''née'' Tanklevsky or Tanklefsky), was a homemaker who immigrated from
Kozelets in 1902.
Her father, Emanuel Savitzky, was a butcher who emigrated in 1906.
He ran the Live and Let Live Meat Market on
Ninth Avenue.
Even in her youth, she was competitive and would beat other children in all sorts of competitions.
She ran the cash register at her father's deli as a young girl.
Her religious upbringing influenced her development into a feminist. According to Abzug, "It was during these visits to the synagogue that I think I had my first thoughts as a feminist rebel. I didn't like the fact that women were consigned to the back rows of the balcony." When her father died, Abzug, then 13, was told that her
Orthodox synagogue did not permit women to say the (mourners')
Kaddish, since that rite was reserved for sons of the deceased. However, because her father had no sons, she went to the synagogue every morning for a year to recite the prayer, defying the tradition of her congregation's practice of Orthodox Judaism.
Abzug graduated from
Walton High School in
The Bronx
The Bronx ( ) is the northernmost of the five Boroughs of New York City, boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It shares a land border with Westchester County, New York, West ...
, where she was class president.
Through high school she took violin lessons and went to Florence Marshall Hebrew High School after classes at Walton.
She went on to major in political science at
Hunter College
Hunter College is a public university in New York City, United States. It is one of the constituent colleges of the City University of New York and offers studies in more than one hundred undergraduate and postgraduate fields across five schools ...
of the
City University of New York
The City University of New York (CUNY, pronounced , ) is the Public university, public university system of Education in New York City, New York City. It is the largest urban university system in the United States, comprising 25 campuses: eleven ...
and simultaneously attended the
Jewish Theological Seminary of America
The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City, New York. It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism as well as a hub for academic scholarship in Jewish studies ...
. At Hunter College, she was student council president and active in the
American Student Union. Abzug first met Mim Kelber, who would go on to co-found
WEDO with her, at Walton High School and they went on to attend Hunter College with one another. She later earned a law degree from
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
in 1944.
Legal and political career
Abzug was admitted to the New York Bar in 1945, at a time when very few women practiced law, and started her career in New York City at the firm of
Pressman,
Witt &
Cammer, frequently working cases in matters of labor law.
As a lawyer, she specialized in labor rights, tenants' rights, and civil liberties cases.
Early on, she took on civil rights cases in the
Southern United States
The Southern United States (sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South) is List of regions of the United States, census regions defined by the United States Cens ...
. She appealed the case of
Willie McGee, a black man convicted in 1945 of raping a white woman in
Laurel, Mississippi
Laurel is a city in and the second county seat of Jones County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 17,161. Laurel is northeast of Ellisville, the first county seat, which contains the first county ...
, and sentenced to death by an all-white jury who deliberated for only two-and-a-half minutes. Abzug lost the appeal and the man was executed. Abzug was an outspoken advocate of liberal causes, including the
Equal Rights Amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, United States Constitution that would explicitly prohibit sex discrimination. It is not currently a part of the Constitution, though its Ratifi ...
, and
opposition to the Vietnam War
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began in 1965 with demonstrations against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War, United States in the war. Over the next several years, these demonstrations grew ...
as well as the
military draft.
She worked for the
American Civil Liberties Union
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit civil rights organization founded in 1920. ACLU affiliates are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. The budget of the ACLU in 2024 was $383 million.
T ...
and the
Civil Rights Congress.
Years before she was elected to the House of Representatives, she was an early participant in
Women Strike for Peace.
Her political stance placed her on the
master list of Nixon's political opponents.
During the
McCarthy era, she was one of the few legal attorneys willing to openly combat the
House Un-American Activities Committee
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative United States Congressional committee, committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 19 ...
.
Congressional career
Elections
Nicknamed "Battling Bella",
in 1970 she challenged the 14-year incumbent
Leonard Farbstein in the Democratic primary for a congressional district on Manhattan's West Side. She defeated Farbstein in a considerable upset and then defeated talk show host
Barry Farber in the general election. In 1972, her district was eliminated via redistricting and she chose to run against
William Fitts Ryan
William is a masculine given name of Germanic origin. It became popular in England after the Norman conquest in 1066,All Things William"Meaning & Origin of the Name"/ref> and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is ...
, who also represented part of the West Side, in the Democratic primary. Ryan, although seriously ill, defeated Abzug. However, Ryan died before the general election and Abzug defeated his widow, Priscilla, at the party's convention to choose the new Democratic nominee. In the general election Priscilla Ryan challenged Abzug on the
Liberal Party
The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world.
The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. For example, while the political systems ...
line, but was unsuccessful. She was reelected easily in 1974. For her last two terms, she represented part of the Bronx as well.
Tenure

She was one of the first members of Congress to support gay rights, introducing the first federal gay rights bill, known as the Equality Act of 1974, with fellow Democratic New York City representative
Ed Koch
Edward Irving Koch ( ; December 12, 1924February 1, 2013) was an American politician. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977 and was mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989.
Koch was a lifelong Democrat who ...
, who later became mayor of New York.
She also chaired historic hearings on government secrecy, being the chair for the Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. She was voted by her colleagues as the third most influential member of the House as reported in ''
U.S. News & World Report''.
She was the sponsor for the Equality Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) that made it unlawful to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age. She was a cosponsor o
H.R.13157that established the
Clara Barton National Historic Site, the first National Parks Site dedicated to the achievements of a woman.
She was frequently verbally abusive toward staff members, including referring to
Doug Ireland as a "fat cocksucker."
Although hats were banned on the
House floor, Abzug was known for her colorful and vibrant hats and was seldom seen without one. After being forced to remove her iconic hat before entering the House floor, Abzug once remarked that she felt "naked and unrecognizable." She famously reminded all who admired them: "It's what's under the hat that counts!"

In February 1975, Abzug was part of a bipartisan delegation sent to
Saigon
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025.
The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ...
by President
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, Ford assumed the p ...
to assess the situation on the ground in South Vietnam near the end of the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
.
Abzug was a supporter of
Zionism
Zionism is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–1914), Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the ...
. As a young woman she was a member of the Socialist-Zionist youth movement of
Hashomer Hatzair
Hashomer Hatzair (, , 'The Young Guard') is a Labor Zionism, Labor Zionist, secular Jewish youth movement founded in 1913 in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary. It was also the name of the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party, the ...
. In 1975, she challenged the
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (revoked in 1991 by resolution 46/86), which "determine
that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination." Abzug said about the topic, "Zionism is a liberation movement."
Campaign for U.S. Senate
Abzug's career in Congress ended with an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate in 1976, which she lost by less than one percent to the more moderate
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Daniel Patrick Moynihan (; March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) was an American politician, diplomat and social scientist. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he represented New York (state), New York in the ...
, who had served in both the
Nixon and Ford Republican presidential administrations as
White House Urban Affairs Advisor,
Counselor to the President,
United States Ambassador to India, and
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the United States Mission to the United Nations, U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is formally known as the Permanent representative to the U ...
. Moynihan would go on to serve four terms in that office.
Later life and death

Abzug never held elected office again after leaving the House, although she remained a high-profile figure and was again a candidate on multiple occasions. She was unsuccessful in her bid to be mayor of New York City in
1977
Events January
* January 8 – 1977 Moscow bombings, Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group.
* January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (no ...
, as well as in attempts to return to the US House from the East Side of Manhattan in 1978 against Republican
Bill Green, and from
Westchester County, New York, in 1986 against
Joe DioGuardi.
She authored two books, ''Bella: Ms. Abzug Goes to Washington''
and ''The Gender Gap'',
the latter co-authored with friend and colleague Mim Kelber.
In early 1977, President Jimmy Carter chose a new
National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year and appointed Abzug to head it. Numerous events were held over the next two years, culminating in the
1977 National Women's Conference in November. She would continue this work as one of the two co-chairpersons for the
National Advisory Committee for Women until
her dismissal in January 1979, which would create a flash point of tension between the
Carter administration
Jimmy Carter's tenure as the List of presidents of the United States, 39th president of the United States began with Inauguration of Jimmy Carter, his inauguration on January 20, 1977, and ended on January 20, 1981. Carter, a Democratic Party ...
and feminist organizations in the United States.
Abzug founded and ran several women's advocacy organizations. She founded a grassroots organization called Women USA,
and continued to lead feminist advocacy events, for example serving as grand marshal of the Women's Equality Day New York March on August 26, 1980.
In the last decade of her life, in the early 1990s, with Kelber, she co-founded the
Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), in their own words "a global women's advocacy organization working towards a just world that promotes and protects human rights, gender equality, and the integrity of the environment." In 1991, WEDO held the World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet in Miami, where 1,500 women from 83 countries produced the Women's Action Agenda 21.
At the UN, Abzug developed the Women's Caucus, which analyzed documents, proposed gender-sensitive policies and language, and lobbied to advance the Women's Agenda for the 21st Century at the 1992
UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, as well as women's issues at other events including the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995.
During her last years, Bella kept up her busy schedule of travel and work, even though she traveled in a wheelchair. Bella led WEDO until her death, giving her final public speech before the UN in March 1998.
After battling breast cancer for a number of years, she developed heart disease and died at
Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center on March 31, 1998, from complications following
open heart surgery. She was 77.
Abzug was interred at
Mount Carmel Cemetery,
Glendale, Queens County, New York.
Personal life
In 1944, Bella married Martin Abzug, a novelist and stockbroker. They met on a bus in Miami, Florida while heading to a
Yehudi Menuhin
Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin (22 April 191612 March 1999), was an American-born British violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He is widely considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century. ...
concert, and they remained married until his death in 1986. They had two daughters.
Abzug was a cousin of
Arlene Stringer-Cuevas and her son
Scott Stringer, who were also involved in politics in New York City.
Abzug used to comment that if male lawmakers were going to swim naked in the Congressional swimming pool as was the tradition, that that would be fine with her.
Honors and legacy
In 1974, Jeff London created a sculptural "People Furniture" of Abzug having a good idea.

In 1991, Abzug received the
"Maggie" Award, the highest honor of the Planned Parenthood Federation, in tribute to their founder,
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Sanger ( Higgins; September 14, 1879September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. She opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, founded Planned Parenthood, and was instr ...
.
In 1994, Abzug was inducted into the
National Women's Hall of Fame in
Seneca Falls.
The same year, she received a medal from the
Veteran Feminists of America.
Abzug was honored on March 6, 1997, at the United Nations as a leading female environmentalist.
She received the highest civilian recognition and honor at the U.N., the
Blue Beret Peacekeepers Award.
In 2004, her daughte
Liz Abzug an adjunct Urban Studies Professor at
Barnard College
Barnard College is a Private college, private Women's colleges in the United States, women's Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college affiliated with Columbia University in New York City. It was founded in 1889 by a grou ...
and a political consultant, founded th
Bella Abzug Leadership Institute (BALI)to mentor and train high school and college women to become effective leaders in civic, political, corporate and community life. To commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the first
National Women's Conference held in Houston in 1977, over which Bella Abzug had presided, BALI hosted a National Women's Conference on the weekend of November 10–11, 2007, at
Hunter College
Hunter College is a public university in New York City, United States. It is one of the constituent colleges of the City University of New York and offers studies in more than one hundred undergraduate and postgraduate fields across five schools ...
(NYC). Over 600 people from around the world attended. Besides celebrating the 1977 Conference, the 2007 agenda was to address significant women's issues for the 21st century.
In 2017, ''
Time
Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...
'' magazine named Abzug one of its 50 Women Who Made American Political History.
In 2024, as part of Women's History Month, NYC Mayor Eric Adams issued
proclamationfor her work as a pioneering Congresswoman and feminist Leader, leading the fight for women's and civil rights.
Various landmarks in New York City bear Abzug's name. On March 1, 2019, the recently built Hudson Yards Park was renamed
Bella Abzug Park as a tribute to women's history month and its location in her former Congressional district. In New York City's Greenwich Village, a portion of Bank Street is named for Abzug.
In popular culture
She appeared in the
WLIW video ''A Laugh, A Tear, A Mitzvah'', as well as in
Woody Allen
Heywood Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; November 30, 1935) is an American filmmaker, actor, and comedian whose career spans more than six decades. Allen has received many List of awards and nominations received by Woody Allen, accolade ...
's ''
Manhattan
Manhattan ( ) is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City. Coextensive with New York County, Manhattan is the County statistics of the United States#Smallest, larg ...
'' as herself, a 1977 episode of ''
Saturday Night Live
''Saturday Night Live'' (''SNL'') is an American Late night television in the United States, late-night live television, live sketch comedy variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Michaels and Dick Ebersol that airs on NBC. The ...
'', and the documentary ''
New York: A Documentary Film''.
In 1979, the
Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Abzug's name and picture.
Abzug appeared in
Shirley MacLaine
Shirley MacLaine (born Shirley MacLean Beaty; April 24, 1934) is an American actress and author. With a career spanning over 70 years, she has received List of awards and nominations received by Shirley MacLaine, numerous accolades, including a ...
's autobiographical book ''
Out on a Limb'' (1983). In the 1987
ABC Television mini-series of the same name, Abzug was played by
Anne Jackson
Anne Jackson (September 3, 1925 – April 12, 2016); retrieved April 16, 2016Archivedfrom the original on April 16, 2016. was an American actress of stage, screen, and television. She was the wife of actor Eli Wallach, with whom she often co-sta ...
.
In the 1989 Beastie Boys music video for “Hey Ladies” someone can be seen holding a sign saying “Vote For Bella Abzug”.
In 2019
Manhattan Theater Club, in New York City, produced ''Bella Bella,'' a one-character show written and performed by
Harvey Fierstein
Harvey Forbes Fierstein ( ; born June 6, 1952) is an American actor, playwright, and screenwriter, known for his distinctive gravelly voice. He gained notice for his theater work in '' Torch Song Trilogy'', winning both the Tony Award for Best ...
. In the show, Fierstein portrayed Abzug and created dialogue "from the words of Bella Abzug."
In the 2020
FX limited series, ''
Mrs. America'',
Margo Martindale
Margo Martindale (born July 18, 1951) is an American character actress who has appeared on television, film, and stage. In 2011, she won a Primetime Emmy Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award for her recurring role as Mags Bennett on '' ...
portrays Abzug.
The program examines the unsuccessful multi-year battle to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.
That same year,
Bette Midler
Bette Midler ( ;''Inside the Actors Studio'', 2004 born December 1, 1945) is an American actress, comedian, singer, and author. Throughout her five-decade career Midler has received List of awards and nominations received by Bette Midler, numero ...
portrayed Abzug in the film ''
The Glorias''.
Abzug was featured in a segment in the 2007 documentary ''
NY77: The Coolest Year in Hell'', which explores in depth what life was like during the year 1977 in Manhattan. An excerpt from a press conference of Bella Abzug is used when discussing the differences in political views between Abzug and fellow mayoral candidate Ed Koch.
Geraldo Rivera
Geraldo Rivera (born Gerald Rivera; July 4, 1943) is an American journalist, attorney, author, and political commentator who worked at the Fox News Channel from 2001 to 2023. He hosted the tabloid talk show '' Geraldo'' from 1987 to 1998. He g ...
gave detailed commentary on Bella's personality and political style.
Jeff L. Lieberman produced the 2023 documentary
Bella! about Abzug's life and political achievements. The film includes interviews with
Barbra Streisand
Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand ( ; born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, songwriter, producer, and director. With a career spanning over six decades, she has achieved success across multiple fields of entertainment, being the ...
,
Shirley MacLaine
Shirley MacLaine (born Shirley MacLean Beaty; April 24, 1934) is an American actress and author. With a career spanning over 70 years, she has received List of awards and nominations received by Shirley MacLaine, numerous accolades, including a ...
,
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, lawyer and diplomat. She was the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, a U.S. senator represent ...
,
Lily Tomlin,
Nancy Pelosi
Nancy Patricia Pelosi ( ; ; born March 26, 1940) is an American politician who was the List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 52nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving from 2007 to 2011 an ...
,
Gloria Steinem
Gloria Marie Steinem ( ; born March 25, 1934) is an American journalist and social movement, social-political activist who emerged as a nationally recognized leader of second-wave feminism in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ...
,
Maxine Waters,
Phil Donahue,
Marlo Thomas
Margaret Julia "Marlo" Thomas (born November 21, 1937) is an American actress, producer, author, and social activist. She is best known for starring on the sitcom ''That Girl'' (1966–1971) and her Children's television series, children's franc ...
,
Charles Rangel
Charles Bernard Rangel ( ; June 11, 1930 – May 26, 2025) was an American politician who served as United States House of Representatives, U.S. representative for districts in New York City for 46 years. A member of the Democratic Party (Unite ...
,
David Dinkins
David Norman Dinkins (July 10, 1927 – November 23, 2020) was an American politician, lawyer, and author who served as the 106th mayor of New York City from 1990 to 1993.
Dinkins was among the more than 20,000 Montford Point Marine Associa ...
, and
Renée Taylor.
Selected bibliography
Books
*
*
*
*
Papers
*
Link.
See also
*
Women's Equality Day
*
Women in the United States House of Representatives
*
List of Jewish feminists
*
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
References
Further reading
* Levy, Alan H. (2013) ''The Political Life of Bella Abzug, 1920–1976: Political Passions, Women's Rights, and Congressional Battles'' (2013)
excerpt and text search coverage to 1976
* Levy, Alan H. ''The Political Life of Bella Abzug, 1976–1998: Electoral Failures and the Vagaries of Identity Politics'' (Lexington Books, 2013)
* Mahler, Jonathan (2005). ''
Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning: 1977, baseball, politics, and the battle for the soul of a city.'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. .
*
*
*
External links
*
*
*
*
Bella!', 2020 Documentary Feature Film
About Bella Abzug(on the website of the Bella Abzug Leadership Institute)
*
Blanche Wiesen Cookan entry about Bella Abzugfrom the
Jewish Women's Archive
The Jewish Women's Archive (JWA) is a national non-profit organization whose mission is to document "Jewish women's stories, elevate their voices, and inspire them to be agents of change."
JWA was founded by Gail Twersky Reimer in 1995 in Brook ...
*
*
*
FBI file on Bella S. Abzugat the
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American 501(c)(3) organization, non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org. It provides free access to collections of digitized media including web ...
Bella Abzugat the National Women's Hall of Fame
, -
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