Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute
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The St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute () is a
postgraduate education Postgraduate education, graduate education, or graduate school consists of Academic degree, academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by higher education, post-secondary students who have ...
center and the oldest
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
n scientific institution aimed at performing studies in the fields of
neurology Neurology (from , "string, nerve" and the suffix wikt:-logia, -logia, "study of") is the branch of specialty (medicine) , medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous syst ...
,
psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of deleterious mental disorder, mental conditions. These include matters related to cognition, perceptions, Mood (psychology), mood, emotion, and behavior. ...
,
psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feel ...
, and contiguous disciplines. The institute was established by
Vladimir Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev ( rus, Влади́мир Миха́йлович Бе́хтерев, p=ˈbʲextʲɪrʲɪf; 20 January 1857 – 24 December 1927) was a Russian neurologist and the father of objective psychology. He is best known fo ...
in 1907 with official support from
Emperor Nicholas II Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 186817 July 1918) or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia, Congress Poland, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until Abdication of Nicholas II, hi ...
and Russian Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin. Having founded the institute, V. M. Bekhterev became its first director. The official publication of the institute is
The Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology The ''Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology'' () is a Russian peer-reviewed journals, peer-reviewed medical journal containing original research, systematic reviews, etc. relating to the areas of psychiatry, medical psychology and p ...
(Russian: Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии им. В. М. Бехтерева).


History of creation

The Psychoneurological Institute was founded in 1907 by the domestic scientist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev as a research and higher education institution. Bekhterev became the first head of this type of scientific and educational institution. The Psychoneurological Institute has a general availability of educational courses for people of different genders and religions, as well as the program announced by V. M. Bekhterev. According to the
charter A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the ...
, the goal of the institute was to develop and disseminate knowledge in the fields of psychology and neuroscience, as well as related sciences. Courses in psychology, anatomy, philosophy, history, history of philosophy and psychology, history of culture and art, etc. were taught here. In 1908, 421 students were admitted to the first course, including 313 females. The opening took place on February 15, 1908. The second reception took place in September of the same year, 1908, when another 479 people were admitted. By 1915, the number of students had reached 7,000. The first two years, students studied at the Main Faculty, where they received a philosophical education to understand the mutual connections and dependencies between individual scientific disciplines. Afterwards they continued their education at the pedagogical, legal, and medical faculties (since 1911), and since 1915 at the veterinary faculties and chemical-
pharmaceutical Medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the ...
departments. This was facilitated by the opening of the verbal history and natural history departments. Of the Russian historians who taught here, in particular Professor N.I. Kareev (1850–1931), who did a lot in organizing the teaching of historical disciplines at the institute, he also attracted a number of specialists here. In the institute's lecture schedule for the 1915–1916 academic year, among the historian teachers of the verbal history department are B. L. Bogaevsky (history of Greece), I. D. Andreev (history of
Byzantium Byzantium () or Byzantion () was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul today. The Greek name ''Byzantion'' and its Latinization ''Byzantium'' continued to be used as a n ...
and history of the Church), N. P. Ottokar (middle history), P. V. Bezobrazov (history of the South Slavs), I. V. Luchitsky (new history), G. V. Vernadsky (Russian history), M. A. Ostrovskaya (Russian history), and M. D. Priselkov (Russian story). Also among the subjects of the verbal history faculty are general
psychopathology Psychopathology is the study of mental illness. It includes the signs and symptoms of all mental disorders. The field includes Abnormal psychology, abnormal cognition, maladaptive behavior, and experiences which differ according to social norms ...
(P. Ya. Rosenbakh), history of
pedagogical Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken ...
teachings, general pedagogy (V. V. Uspensky), methods of teaching history (M. D. Priselkov), and history of
ancient philosophy This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history (). Overview Genuine philosophical thought, depending upon original individual insights, arose in many cultures ro ...
(D. P. Mirtov). V. A. Butenko taught general history to first-year students of the main faculty (Tenishevsky Hall, Mokhovaya, 33), taught a course of new history to senior students of the Faculty of Literary History and taught
seminaries A seminary, school of theology, theological college, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture and theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clerg ...
on modern history (Gurevich Gymnasium, Ligovka, 1). In 1915, administrative concerns were added to the teaching load of V. A. Butenko – who acted as dean of the main department. A dispute arose over the status of the department. According to the commission of the Ministry of Public Education (privy councilors P. A. Nekrasov and A. A. Inostrantsev, trustee of the Petrograd educational district N. K. Kulchitsky), the main department was not a faculty, but a common step to various faculties. The need for this level was explained by the fact that general secondary education in Russia was not consistent with the requirements of higher education. Therefore, courses at the Psychoneurological Institute sought to fill this gap. Representatives of the institute, Academician V. M. Bekhterev and Professor A. S. Ginzberg, opposed the recognition of the basic faculty as a preparatory stage for higher education. “This,” the scientists insisted, “is a faculty with a complete cycle of basic departments of the most important scientific disciplines. The main faculty can be interpreted as the first years of university. The nature of teaching at the main faculty is purely university.” The main idea of the institute was to restore the old idea of universities, which has been lost in the modern structure of universities that train specialized specialists. When creating the main faculty, the organizers of the institute were convinced that “for a physician, a historian, and a natural scientist, a philosophical education is necessary for his future scientific and practical activities, clarifying the mutual connection and dependence between individual scientific disciplines.” Meanwhile, the commission found it expedient to assign the name of the main department to the faculty, “since in terms of purpose and organization it did not correspond to the content of the concept of faculty.” By 1916, the structure of the Psychoneurological Institute included 4 faculties (medical, legal, verbal history and natural history) and 3 departments (main, pedagogical, chemical and pharmaceutical). The most numerous was the medical faculty. In 1916, after an inspection by the Ministry of Public Education, courses at the Psychoneurological Institute received the status of a “Private Petrograd University” with the rights of higher government educational institutions. V. M. Bekhterev was again elected president of the university. The election of deans and secretaries of departments and faculties also took place: Professor V. A. Butenko (main department), professor Sor V. A. Wagner (pedagogical), Professor A. S. Ginzberg (chemical-pharmaceutical), Academician V. M. Bekhterev (
medical faculty A medical school is a tertiary educational institution, professional school, or forms a part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, ...
), Professor N. I. Kareev (verbal-historical), Professor D. N. Zeiliger (natural history), and Professor P. I. Lyublinsky (legal). The number of students at the Private University included persons of both sexes who had a
matriculation Matriculation is the formal process of entering a university, or of becoming eligible to enter by fulfilling certain academic requirements such as a matriculation examination. Australia In Australia, the term ''matriculation'' is seldom used no ...
certificate from the gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education or certificates of completion from other general educational institutions. In 1918, the university received the status of the Second Petrograd University, and in 1919, during the reorganization, the law and pedagogical faculties were transferred to the First Petrograd University; the medical faculty was transformed into the State Institute of Medical Knowledge; the chemical-pharmaceutical department into the chemical-pharmaceutical institute, and the veterinary faculty at the Veterinary and Zootechnical Institute. The name of its founder was given to the university in 1925. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
(1941–1945), an evacuation hospital operated on the basis of the Institute, and during the
siege of Leningrad The siege of Leningrad was a Siege, military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 t ...
, the research activities of the Institute continued. Currently, the Institute is a large research and clinical institution, employing specialists in the fields of psychiatry, psychotherapy, medical psychology,
narcology __NOTOC__ Narcology (: ), from Russian ( narco-, ''pertaining to narcotics, illicit drugs'') + (-logy, "branch of study") is a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, social care and recovery of drug-depen ...
, neurology and neurosurgery.


See also

*
The Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology The ''Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology'' () is a Russian peer-reviewed journals, peer-reviewed medical journal containing original research, systematic reviews, etc. relating to the areas of psychiatry, medical psychology and p ...


References


External links

* Medical research institutes in Russia 1907 establishments in the Russian Empire Organizations established in 1907 Research institutes in Saint Petersburg Psychiatric research institutes Mental health organizations in Russia Hospital buildings completed in 1907 Government buildings completed in 1907 Medical research institutes in the Soviet Union Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Saint Petersburg {{sci-org-stub