Beatrice Medicine (August 1, 1923 - December 19, 2005) (

Sihasapa The Sihásapa or Blackfoot Sioux are a division of the Lakota people, Titonwan, or Teton. ''Sihásapa'' is the Lakota word for "Blackfoot", whereas '' Siksiká'' has the same meaning in the Nitsitapi language, and, together with the '' Kain ...

and

Minneconjou The Miniconjou (Lakota: Mnikowoju, Hokwoju – ‘Plants by the Water’) are a Native American people constituting a subdivision of the Lakota people, who formerly inhabited an area in western present-day South Dakota from the Black Hills in to ...

Lakota Lakota may refer to: *Lakota people, a confederation of seven related Native American tribes *Lakota language Lakota ( ), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan languages, Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of ...

) ( Lakota name Híŋša Wašté Aglí Wiŋ – "Returns Victorious with a Red Horse Woman") was a

scholar A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a termina ...

anthropologist An anthropologist is a scientist engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropologists study aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms, values ...

, and educator known for her work in the fields of Indigenous languages, cultures, and history. Medicine spent much of her life researching, teaching, and serving Native communities, primarily in the fields of

bilingual education In bilingual education, students are taught in two (or more) languages. It is distinct from learning a second language as a subject because both languages are used for instruction in different content areas like math, science, and history. The t ...

, addiction and recovery, mental health, tribal identity, and women's, children's, and

LGBT community The LGBTQ community (also known as the LGBT, LGBT+, LGBTQ+, LGBTQIA, LGBTQIA+, or queer community) comprises LGBTQ people, LGBTQ individuals united by LGBTQ culture, a common culture and LGBTQ movements, social movements. These Community, comm ...

issues.

Early life

Medicine was born on the

Standing Rock The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota controls the Standing Rock Reservation (), which straddles the border between North Dakota, North and South Dakota in the United States, and is inhabited by ethnic "Hunkpapa Lakota, Hunkp ...

Reservation __NOTOC__ Reservation may refer to: Places Types of places: * Indian reservation, in the United States * Military base, often called reservations * Nature reserve Government and law * Reservation (law), a caveat to a treaty * Reservation in India, ...

in Wakpala,

South Dakota South Dakota (; Sioux language, Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state, state in the West North Central states, North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Dakota people, Dakota Sioux ...

on the 1st of August, 1923.

Education

Medicine received her BA in anthropology at

South Dakota State University South Dakota State University (SDSU or SD State) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Brookings, South Dakota, United States. Founded in 1881, it is the state's largest university and is the sec ...

in 1945, and her MA in both Sociology and Anthropology from

Michigan State University Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. It was founded in 1855 as the Agricultural College of the State o ...

in 1954. She completed her Ph.D in 1983 at the

University of Wisconsin A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...

Career

Medicine studied the human behaviors involved in

racism Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one Race (human categorization), race or ethnicity over another. It may also me ...

and

linguistic discrimination Linguistic discrimination (also called glottophobia, linguicism and languagism) is the unfair treatment of people based upon their use of language and the characteristics of their speech, such as their first language, their accent, the percei ...

, in both academia and social anthropology. Much of her work focused on the resurgence,

survivance Survivance is a critical term in Native American studies. History Survivance was originally a legal term, but fell out of use in the 18th century. It was also borrowed from the French term 'survivance' in other contexts. Usage It was first empl ...

, and expansion of

Indigenous language An indigenous language, or autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region and spoken by its indigenous peoples. Indigenous languages are not necessarily national languages but they can be; for example, Aymara is both an indigen ...

s and culture. Medicine was known internationally for her work with students and faculty, and over her 50-year career at campuses including

Santo Domingo Pueblo Santo Domingo Pueblo, also known Kewa Pueblo (also spelled Kiua, Eastern Keres , Keres: ''Díiwʾi'', Navajo: ''Tó Hájiiloh'') is a federally recognized tribe of Pueblo people in northern New Mexico. A population of 2,456 (as of 2010) live i ...

Agency School,

Flandreau Flandreau is a city in and county seat of Moody County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 2,372 at the 2020 census. It was named in honor of Charles Eugene Flandrau, a judge in the territory and state of Minnesota. He is credite ...

Indian School, the

University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...

Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...

Dartmouth College Dartmouth College ( ) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the America ...

Mount Royal College Mount Royal University (MRU) is a public university in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Originally “Mount Royal College,” Mount Royal University was granted university status in 2009 by the provincial government. The university has an average class s ...

(now Mount Royal University),

San Francisco State University San Francisco State University (San Francisco State, SF State and SFSU) is a Public university, public research university in San Francisco, California, United States. It was established in 1899 as the San Francisco State Normal School and is ...

, the

University of Washington The University of Washington (UW and informally U-Dub or U Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, the University of Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast of the Uni ...

, the

University of Montana The University of Montana (UM) is a public research university in Missoula, Montana, United States. UM is a flagship institution of the Montana University System and its second largest campus. Fall 2024 saw total enrollment hit 10,811, marki ...

and the

University of South Dakota The University of South Dakota (USD) is a public research university in Vermillion, South Dakota, United States. Established by the Dakota Territory legislature in 1862, 27 years before the establishment of the state of South Dakota, USD is t ...

. She retired as Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at

California State University, Northridge California State University, Northridge (CSUN or Cal State Northridge), is a public university in the Northridge neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. With a total enrollment of 36,848 students (as of Fall 2024), it has the ...

. In her book, ''Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining Native'', Medicine playfully attributed her multi-institutional career as a result of embracing the traditional roots of the Lakota: "as far as moving so often is concerned, I jokingly refer to the former nomadism of my people". Her lifelong commitment as a scholar and educator resulted in numerous publications, speeches, lectures, and studies, for many which Medicine received honourable accolades and awards recognizing her pursuits for equity in

human rights Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered ...

. Medicine was actively involved in civil rights struggles in the Indigenous communities of

Seattle Seattle ( ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Washington and in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. With a population of 780,995 in 2024, it is the 18th-most populous city in the United States. The city is the cou ...

, Vancouver, and

Calgary Calgary () is a major city in the Canadian province of Alberta. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a metropolitan population of 1,481,806 making it the third-largest city and fifth-largest metropolitan area in C ...

. In 1974 Medicine testified alongside

Vine Deloria Jr. Vine Victor Deloria Jr. (March 26, 1933 – November 13, 2005, Standing Rock Sioux) was an author, theologian, historian, and activist for Native American rights. He was widely known for his book '' Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto ...

as an expert witness in the federal case brought against those involved in the

Wounded Knee incident The Wounded Knee Occupation, also known as Second Wounded Knee, began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota (sometimes referred to as Oglala Sioux) and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the ...

. In 1984, Medicine was elected to the

Common Cause Common Cause is a watchdog group based in Washington, D.C., with chapters in 35 states. It was founded in 1970 by John W. Gardner, a Republican, who was the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the administration of President Lyndon ...

National Governing Board, a

nonprofit organization A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...

built with the intent on "holding power accountable". In 1993-94 Medicine took a stand for her beliefs and respect for the role of women in Indigenous cultures by accepting a position in the Women's Branch of Canada's

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) was a Canadian royal commission established in 1991 with the aim of investigating the relationship between Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Government of Canada, and Canadian society as a whole. ...

, seeing this as acting as a voice for the people to fight for the legal rights of Indigenous families. Medicine's commitment to social action did not end when she retired from her career as a teacher and scholar in the early 1990s. Upon returning to her home on the

Standing Rock Indian Reservation The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota controls the Standing Rock Reservation (), which straddles the border between North and South Dakota in the United States, and is inhabited by ethnic "Hunkpapa and Sihasapa bands of Lako ...

in South Dakota she assisted in the efforts to build a new public school for the community. She also sat on the Pardon Board and the Wakpala-Smee School District

School board A board of education, school committee or school board is the board of directors or board of trustees of a school, local school district or an equivalent institution. The elected council determines the educational policy in a small regional area, ...

Death

Beatrice Medicine died during an emergency surgery on 19 December 2005, in Bismarck,

North Dakota North Dakota ( ) is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota people, Dakota and Sioux peoples. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minneso ...

. In accordance with her wishes there was no funeral service. Her family requested that, rather than collect flowers for a gravesite, friends and family instead donate to the

American Indian College Fund The American Indian College Fund is a nonprofit organization that helps Native American students, providing them with support through scholarships and funding toward higher education. The fund provides an average of 6,000 annual scholarships ...

Denver, Colorado Denver ( ) is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county, consolidated city and county, the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Colorado, most populous city of the U.S. state of ...

. Medicine is survived by her sister Grace V Yardley, her son Ted Sitting Crow Garner, and her adopted daughter

JoAllyn Archambault JoAllyn Archambault (born 1942) is a cultural anthropologist with an expertise in Native American people. She is the director of the Smithsonian Institution's American Indian Program.Wayne, Tiffany K. American Women of Science since 1900. Ed. Mart ...

, who is also an

Legacy

In 2006

AltaMira Press Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949. Under several imprints, the company offers scholarly books for the academic market, as well as trade books. The company also owns t ...

published ''Drinking and Sobriety Among the Lakota Sioux,'' a work they had been producing with Medicine in the days prior to her passing''.'' This work examines the role of harmful

Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States of America include many ethnic stereotypes found worldwide which include historical misrepresentations and the oversimplification of hundreds of Indigenous cultures. Negative stere ...

in relation to

alcoholism Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World He ...

which Medicine originally presented in her 1969 article "The Changing Dakota Family and the Stresses Therein," in ''The Pine Ridge Research Journal.'' In honour of Medicine and her lifelong dedication to education, The

Society for Applied Anthropology A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. So ...

(SfAA) created the Beatrice Medicine Award, a scholarship travel grant of $750 to assist in attending the Annual Meeting of the SfAA. It is awarded to three students who have been enrolled as a student during part of the current year and must have an accepted paper or poster abstract for the SfAA Annual Meeting program. Her papers are archived in the

National Anthropological Archives The National Anthropological Archives is the third largest archive in the Smithsonian Institution and a sister archive to the Human Studies Film Archive. The collection documents the history of anthropology and the world's peoples and cultures, ...

at the

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase a ...

Awards

* (1991) Distinguished Service Award from the

American Anthropological Association The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an American organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology. With 10,000 members, the association, based in Arlington, Virginia, includes archaeologists, cultural anthropo ...

. * (1996)

Bronislaw Malinowski Award The Bronislaw Malinowski Award is an award given by the US-based Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) in honor of Bronisław Malinowski Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (; 7 April 1884 – 16 May 1942) was a Polish anthropologist and ethno ...

from the

. * (2005) George and Louise Spindler Award for Education in Anthropology from the

. * Ohana Award from the American Counseling Association]. * Outstanding Woman of Color Award from the National Institute of Women of Color. * Honoring Our Allies Award from the National LGBTQ Task Force, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.

Published work

Collaborative works

* (1973). "The Native American" in Don Speigel and Patricia Keith-Speigel eds. ''The Outsiders.'' New York: Rinehart and Winston Holt. * (1976) "The Schooling Process: Some Lakota (Sioux) Views" in Craig J. Calhoun and Francis A. Janni eds. ''The Anthropological Study of Education.''

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

: Mouton. * (1983). "Warrior Women." ''The Hidden Half: Studies of Plains Indian Women.'' Patricia Albers, ed. . * (1987). "My Elders Tell Me" in J.Barman, Y. Hebert and D.McCaskill eds. ''Indian Education in Canada'', vol 2.

Vancouver Vancouver is a major city in Western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the cit ...

University of British Columbia Press The University of British Columbia Press (UBC Press) is a university press that is part of the University of British Columbia. It is a mid-sized scholarly publisher, and the largest in Western Canada. The press is based in Vancouver, British Col ...

. * (1987). "Indian Women and the Renaissance of Traditional Religion" in Raymond J. DeMallie and Douglas R. Parks eds. pp. 159–171. ''

Sioux The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin ( ; Dakota/ Lakota: ) are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations people from the Great Plains of North America. The Sioux have two major linguistic divisions: the Dakota and Lakota peoples (translati ...

Indian Religion, Tradition and Innovation.'' Norman and London:

University of Oklahoma Press The University of Oklahoma Press (OU Press) is the publishing arm of the University of Oklahoma. Founded in 1929 by the fifth president of the University of Oklahoma, William Bennett Bizzell, it was the first university press to be established ...

. * (1987). "The Role of American Indian Women in Cultural Continuity and Transition" in J. Penfield ed. ''Women and Language in Transition''. Albany:

SUNY Press The State University of New York Press (more commonly referred to as the SUNY Press) is a university press affiliated with the State University of New York system. The press, which was founded in 1966, is located in Albany, New York and publishe ...

. * (1988). "Ella Cara Deloria" in Ute Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerry McIntyre and Ruth Weinberg eds. pp. 45–50. ''Women Anthropologists: a Biographical Dictionary.'' New York:

Greenwood Press Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG) was an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which was part of ABC-Clio. Since 2021, ABC-Clio and its suite of imprints, including GPG, are collectively imprints of B ...

. * (1997). "Changing Native American Roles in an Urban Context and Changing Native American Sex Roles in an Urban Context" in Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas and Sabine Lang eds. ''Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality.'' Urbana and

Chicago Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...

University of Illinois Press The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is an American university press and is part of the University of Illinois System. Founded in 1918, the press publishes some 120 new books each year, thirty-three scholarly journals, and several electroni ...

. * (1997). "Lakota Star Quilts: Commodity, Ceremony and Economic Development" in Marsha L. MacDowell and C. Kurt Dedwhurst eds. ''To Honor and Comfort: Native American Quilting Traditions.'' Museum of New Mexico Press and

Michigan State University Museum The Michigan State University Museum most commonly referred to as the ''MSU Museum'' is Michigan State University's oldest museum formed in 1857. It is the state of Michigan's first Smithsonian Affiliate. It was formed to support the work of the ...

. * (1999). "Ella Cara Deloria: Early Lakota Ethnologist (Newly Discovered Novelist)" in R. Darnell and L. Valentine eds. ''The Americanist Tradition''.

Toronto Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...

University of Toronto Press The University of Toronto Press is a Canadian university press. Although it was founded in 1901, the press did not actually publish any books until 1911. The press originally printed only examination books and the university calendar. Its first s ...

Articles and journals

* (1969) "The Changing Dakota Family and the Stresses Therein." '' Pine Ridge Research Bulletin,'' No. 9, pp. 13–23. * (1971). "The Anthropologist and American Indian Studies Programs." '' Indian Historian,'' No. 4, pp. 15–18. * (1971). "Anthropology as the Indian's Image Maker." ''Indian Historian,'' Vol. 4, No.3, pp. 27–29. * (1973). "Finders Keepers?" ''Museum News,'' No. 51, pp. 20–26. * (1975). "Self-Direction in Sioux Education." ''Integrateducation,'' No. 78, pp. 15–17. * (1976). "Oral History as Truth: Validity in recent Court Cases Involving Native Americans." ''Folklore Forum, Bibliographic and Special Series,'' Vol. 9, No. 15, pp. 1–5. * (1978). "Higher Education: a New Arena for Native Americans." ''Thresholds in Education,'' No. 4, pp. 22–25. * (1980). "Ella Cara Deloria, the Emic Voice." ''

Melus ''The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States'' (''MELUS'') is a scholarly society established in 1974. MELUS publishes a quarterly academic journal, ''MELUS''. The aim of the Society is "to expand the definition ...

(Multi-Ethnic Literature in the U.S.),'' Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 23–30. * (1980). "American Indian Women: Mental Health Issues which Relate to Drug Abuse." ''

Wíčazo Ša Review The ''Wíčazo Ša Review'' ("Red Pencil" in Lakota) is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of Native American studies. The journal was established in 1985 by editors-in-chief Elizabeth Cook-Lynn ( Dakota Santee), Dr. Beatrice Medicine (Lak ...

: a Journal of Native American Studies'', No. 9, pp. 85–89. * (1980). "American Indian Women: Spirituality and Status." ''

Bread and Roses "Bread and Roses" is a political slogan associated with women's suffrage and the labor movement, as well as an associated poem and song. It originated in a speech given by American women's suffrage activist Helen Todd; a line in that speech ab ...

'', No. 2, pp. 15–18. * (1981). "American Indian Family Cultural Change and Adaptive Strategies." ''Journal of Ethnic Studies'', No. 8, pp. 13–23. * (1981). "'Speaking Indian': Parameters of Language Use among American Indians." ''Focus: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education'', No. 6, pp. 3–10. * (1981). "The Interaction of Culture and Sex Roles in Schools." ''Integrateducation, Special Issue: American Indian Education,'' No. 19, pp. 28–37. * (1981). "Native American Resistance to Integration: Contemporary Confrontations and Religious Revitalization." ''Plains Anthropologist'', Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 277–86. * (1982). "New Roads to Coping: Siouan Sobriety" in S.M. Manson ed. ''New Directions in Prevention among American Indian and Alaska Native Communities.''

Portland Portland most commonly refers to: *Portland, Oregon, the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon *Portland, Maine, the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine *Isle of Portland, a tied island in the English Channel Portland may also r ...

Oregon Health Sciences University Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) is a public university, public research university, research university focusing primarily on health sciences with a main campus, including two hospitals, in Portland, Oregon. The institution was founded ...

. * (1983). "Indian Women: Tribal Identity as Status Quo." ''Women's Nature: Rationalizations of Inequality.''

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...

Teachers College Press Teachers College Press is the university press of Teachers College, Columbia University. Founded in 1904, Teachers College Press has published professional and classroom materials for over a century and currently publishes 70 titles per year. Hi ...

. * (1986). "Contemporary Cultural Revisitation: Bilingual and Bicultural Education." ''

:'' a Journal of Native American Studies, No. 2, pp. 31–35. * (1988). "Native American (Indian) Women: A Call for Research." ''Anthropology and Education Quarterly,'' Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 86–92. * (1990). "'Carrying the Culture: American Indian and Alaska Native Women Workers' Wider Opportunity for Women Inc." ''Risks and Challenges: Women, Work and the Future'', pp. 53–60. * (1993). "North American Indigenous Women and Cultural Domination." ''

American Indian Culture and Research Journal American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, p ...

,'' Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 121–30. * (1998). "Alcohol and Aborigines: the North American Perspective." ''

Alcoholic Beverage Medical Research Journal Alcoholism is the continued Alcoholic beverage, drinking of alcohol (drug), alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of Substance dependence, dependence and Drug withdrawal, withdrawal. Problematic use of alco ...

'', No. 8, pp. 7–11. * (1998). "American Indians and Anthropologists: Issues of History, Empowerment, and Application." ''

Human Organization ''Human Organization'' is the peer-reviewed research journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology. Published quarterly since 1941, it is the second-longest continuously published journal in cultural anthropology in the United States. Its prima ...

'', Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 253–57.

Films

* (1999).
Seeking the Spirit: Plains Indians in Russia.
' Liucija Baskauskas, dir.

Documentary Educational Resources Documentary Educational Resources (DER), originally called the Center for Documentary Anthropology, is a US non-profit producer and distributor of film and video in anthropology and ethnology. It has been described by the Harvard Film Archive as ...

References

External links

*
SFAA Bea Medicine Award
, ''

''. *
Beatrice Medicine
, ''Webster.edu''. *
Rights advocate Medicine dies
at the

Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by Internet Archive, an American nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. Launched for public access in 2001, the service allows users to go "back in ...

(archived October 15, 2008), ''

Rapid City Journal The ''Rapid City Journal'' (formerly the ''Black Hills Journal'' and the ''Rapid City Daily Journal'') is the daily newspaper of Rapid City, South Dakota. As of 2021, it is the largest newspaper in South Dakota by total subscriptions, according ...

''. *
Beatrice Medicine Dead at 82
, ''Savage Minds''. *
Beatrice Medicine
, ''Native American Authors''. *

, ''

''. *
Franz Boas Award
, ''

.'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Medicine, Beatrice 1923 births 2005 deaths 20th-century American scientists 20th-century American women scientists American women anthropologists California State University, Northridge faculty Standing Rock Sioux people Michigan State University alumni Miniconjou people Native American anthropologists Native American women academics American women academics Native American academics Place of birth missing Sihasapa 20th-century Native American women 21st-century American women Native American women scientists 20th-century Native American scientists Lakota women