Basil Chamberlain

Basil Hall Chamberlain (18 October 1850 – 15 February 1935) was a British academic and Japanologist. He was a professor of the Japanese language at Tokyo Imperial University and one of the foremost British Japanologists active in Japan during the late 19th century. (Others included Ernest Satow and W. G. Aston.) He also wrote some of the earliest translations of haiku into English. He is perhaps best remembered for his informal and popular one-volume encyclopedia ''Things Japanese'', which first appeared in 1890 and which he revised several times thereafter. His interests were diverse, and his works include an anthology of poetry in French.

Early life

Chamberlain was born in Southsea (a part of Portsmouth) on the south coast of England, the son of an Admiral William Charles Chamberlain and his wife Eliza Hall, the daughter of the travel writer Basil Hall. His younger brother was Houston Stewart Chamberlain. He was brought up speaking French as well as English, even before moving to Versailles to live with his maternal grandmother in 1856 upon his mother's death. Once in France, he acquired German as well. Chamberlain had hoped to study at Oxford, but instead started work at Barings Bank in London. He was unsuited to the work and soon had a nervous breakdown. It was in the hope of a full recovery that he sailed out of Britain, with no clear destination in mind.

Japan

Chamberlain landed in Japan on 29 May 1873, employed by the Japanese government as an ''o-yatoi gaikokujin''. He taught at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in Tokyo from 1874 to 1882. His most important position, however, was as professor of Japanese at Tokyo Imperial University beginning in 1886. It was here that he gained his reputation as a student of Japanese language and literature. (He was also a pioneering scholar of the Ainu and Ryukyuan languages.) His many works include the first translation of the ''Kojiki'' into English (1882), ''A Handbook of Colloquial Japanese'' (1888), ''Things Japanese'' (1890), and ''A Practical Guide to the Study of Japanese Writing'' (1905). A keen traveller despite chronic weak health, he cowrote (with W. B. Mason) the 1891 edition of ''A Handbook for Travellers in Japan'', of which revised editions followed.

Chamberlain was a friend of the writer Lafcadio Hearn, once a colleague at the university, but the two became estranged over the years. (quoted from Chamberlain's letters). Chamberlain wrote to Hearn's biographer to explain that Hearn never lost his esteem, and he wrote a few times to Hearn, who had moved away to Matsue, Shimane, but the letters went unanswered. Percival Lowell dedicated his travelogue ''Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan'' (1891) to Chamberlain. From the dedication.

Chamberlain sent many Japanese artefacts to the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford.

He left Japan in March 1911 and moved to Geneva, where he lived until his death in 1935.

Selected works by Chamberlain

* ''The Classical Poetry of the Japanese'', 1880
* "A Translation of the 'Ko-ji-ki', or Records of Ancient Matters" in ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan'', Vol. 10, Supplement, 1882
** Rechaptered with notes by Charles Francis Horne in Horne, ed., ''The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East: With an Historical Survey and Descriptions'', Vol. 1, 1917, pages 8–61.
** Wikisource:
* ''The Language, Mythology, and Geographical Nomenclature of Japan Viewed in the Light of Aino Studies'', 1887
* ''A Handbook of Colloquial Japanese'', 1887
* ''Aino Folk-Tales'', 1888
* ''Things Japanese'', six editions 1890–1936
** A paperback version of the fifth edition, from 1905, with the short bibliographies appended to many of its articles replaced by lists of other books put out by the new publisher, was issued by the Charles E. Tuttle Company as ''Japanese Things'' in 1971 and has since been reprinted several times.
* ''A Handbook for Travellers in Japan'', co-written with W. B. Mason, seven editions 1891–1913 (numbered as third to ninth editions, the first and second editions being of its predecessor, ''A Handbook for Travellers in Central and Northern Japan'' by Ernest Satow and A G S Hawes).
* ''Essay in Aid of a Grammar and Dictionary of the Luchuan Language'', 1895 (a pioneering study of the Ryukyuan languages)
* "Bashō and the Japanese Poetical Epigram" in ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan'', Vol. 2, no. 30, 1902 (some of Chamberlain's translations from this article are included in Faubion Bowers' ''The Classic Tradition of Haiku: An Anthology'', Dover Publications, 1996 .)
* ''Japanese Poetry'', 1910
* ''The Invention of a New Religion'', 191
At Project Gutenberg
(incorporated into ''Things Japanese'' in 1927)
* ''Huit Siècles de poésie française'', 1927
* ''. . . encore est vive la Souris'', 1933

See also

* Anglo-Japanese relations
* O-yatoi gaikokujin

References

Further reading

* Hirakawa, Sukehiro. "Changing Appreciations of Japanese Literature: Basil Hall Chamberlain versus Arthur Waley: Keynote speech given at the First SSAAPS Asia-Pacific Annual Conference, Goteborg, September 26, 2002." ''Otemae journal of humanities'' 3: 229-246
online
* Ōta, Yūzō. ''Basil Hall Chamberlain: Portrait of a Japanologist.'' Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library, 1998. .
* Chamberlain, Basil Hall and Joseph Cronin. ''The Mouse is Still Alive: Thoughts and Reflections, translated from the French with an introduction by Joseph Cronin.'' Kyoto, Japan: 2015. . A translation into English of Hall's 1933 work ''...encore est vive la Souris: Pensées et Réflexions,'' together with a detailed biographical study by Cronin (pp. 9–63: "For Truth Has Always Two Sides Nearly Balanced"). Illustrated.

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chamberlain, Basil Hall
British expatriates in Japan
British Japanologists
Japanese–English translators
English orientalists
1850 births
1935 deaths
People from Southsea
Foreign educators in Japan
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-era Japan
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
20th-century British translators
Linguists of Japanese