Bashkir–
Russian
Russian(s) may refer to:
*Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*A citizen of Russia
*Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
*''The Russians'', a b ...
code-switching
In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. These alternations are generally intended to ...
is a code-switching widespread among Bashkir people of Russia and ex-Soviet republics who speak both Russian and Bashkir language (i.e.
bilingual people).
Background
Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is ...
has the status of being the official language of
Russian Federation
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
and is also used as the international communication language; at the same time
Bashkir language
Bashkir ( , ) or Bashkort (, ) is a Turkic languages, Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak languages, Kipchak branch. It is official language#Political alternatives, co-official with Russian language, Russian in Bashkortostan. Bashkir has ap ...
is the official language in the Republic of Bashkortostan. However, different circumstances require from people a high level of both Russian and Bashkir language proficiency. Therefore, due to historical events and circumstances, the Baskir–Russian code-switching has appeared.
Its character is asymmetric: such code-switching is typical for many Russian-speaking Bashkortostan residents, whose level of Bashkir language proficiency is limited due to lack of practical skills. The level of Bashkir proficiency is quite high for Bashkirs in villages (about 92%) and in cities (more than 74%); about 50% Bashkirs of the urban area and 24% of rural area have high levels of balanced Bashkir-Russian bilingualism; about 32% of Bashkirs of the urban area and 6.4% Bashkirs of the rural area have higher skills in Russian than in Bashkir.
Also there are multiple cases of multilingualism for Tatar, Russian, and Bashkir languages in Bashkortostan, in such cases Bashkir language plays role of another international communication language.
Interference
The Bashkir-Russian interference in the speech of bilingual people who speak Bashkir and Russian languages may be presented on phonological, grammar and lexical levels of languages and may lead to some problems during the Russian and Bashkir children co-education process.
The most common interference cases are in the similar-sounding words like:
* () — (; «act»)
* () — (; «drugstore»)
* ба
�у� (''ba-toon'') — батон (''ba-toan''; «biscuit, loaf»)
* би
�у� (''be-toon'') — бидон (''be-doan''; «crate, tin»)
* гал
�ш(''ga-loosh'') — галоши (''ga-lo-she''; «galoshes»)
*
�алатук(''ma-la-took'') — молоток (''mo-lo-tok''; «hammer»)
* т
��
��к
�(''ta-ryl-kae'') — тарелка (''ta-rel-ka''; «plate»)
*
��т
�� (''e-stel'') — стол (''stol''; «table»)
* самуаыр (''sa-mua-yr'') — самовар (''
samovar
A samovar (, , ) is a metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water. Although originating in Russia, the samovar is well known outside of Russia and has spread through Russian culture to other parts of Eastern Europe, as well as We ...
'')
The interference may be presented in sentences and is very sensitive to influence of the environment:
* Мин пошёл. Можно мы я книгу возьму? (''Me went. Can we I take a book?'')
* Ты будешь достать эту банку варенья из подпола (''You will do have taken that jar with jam from the crawl space'')
* Я буду написать сочинение о весне (''I will do have written essay on spring'')
Other examples of phonological interference:
* The odd vowel between consonants in the middle of the word: ''проспе
�ыт— проспект'' (boulevard), ''ак
�� — акт'' (act)
* The odd vowel between consonants in the beginning of the word (typical for bilinguals): ''
�штан— штаны'' (pants)
* Extrapolating Bashkir phonetics to Russian, expressed in replacing of sounds
* Extrapolating Bashkir grammar to Russian: ''Мальчик учить собаку'' (A boy to teach a dog)
The language interference problems can be solved by the advanced language learning, systematic work on lexis improvement, reading the literature and observing the oral and written speech.
See also
*
Tatar–Russian code-switching
References
Literature
*
* ''Юлдашев Ю. Х.'' Национально-русское двуязычие в Республике Башкортостан в современных условиях. Уфа, 2007.
* О двуязычии в Башкирской ССР // Проблемы духовной культуры тюркских народов СССР. Уфа, 1991.
* Этноязыковая ситуация в Ленинском районе г. Уфы (социолингвистический аспект) Л Проблемы духовной культуры тюркских народов СССР. Уфа, 1991.
* О некоторых особенностях двуязычия // Наука Урала. Свердловск, 1991. No. 16.
* Проблемы двуязычия в городе // Вопросы этнографии городского населения Башкортостана. Уфа, 1992.
Zakirianov K. Z., Zainullin M. V. BASHKIR-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM AS A PHENOMENON OF MUTUAL ENRICHMENT OF CULTURES // Vestnik Bashkirskogo Universiteta. 2015. Vol. 20. No. 1. Pp. 166-171.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bashkir-Russian code-switching
Bashkir language
Russian language
Code-switching