Barton Warren Stone (December 24, 1772 – November 9, 1844) was an American evangelist during the early 19th-century

Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements. Revivals were a k ...

in the United States. First ordained a

Presbyterian minister Presbyterian (or presbyteral) polity is a method of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the session (o ...

, he and four other ministers of the Washington Presbytery resigned after arguments about doctrine and enforcement of policy by the

Kentucky Synod {{about, the synod of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church synod, Kentucky Synod (Cumberland Presbyterian Church), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America synod, Indiana-Kentucky Synod Kent ...

. This was in 1803 after Stone had helped lead the

Cane Ridge Revival The Cane Ridge Revival was a large camp meeting that was held in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, from August 6 to August 12 or 13, 1801. It was the " rgest and most famous camp meeting of the Second Great Awakening."Reid, D. G., Linder, R. D., Shelley, B. ...

, a several-day

communion season In Scottish presbyterianism, a communion season, sometimes called a holy fair, is an annual week-long festival culminating with the celebration of the Lord's supper (communion). It usually begins with a Thursday fast. On Friday, known as the qu ...

attended by nearly 20,000 persons. Stone and the others briefly founded the

Springfield Presbytery The Springfield Presbytery was an independent presbytery that became one of the earliest expressions of the Stone-Campbell Movement. It was composed of Presbyterian ministers who withdrew from the jurisdiction of the Kentucky Synod of the Presb ...

, which they dissolved the following year, resigning from the Presbyterian Church altogether. They formed what they called the

Christian Church In ecclesiology, the Christian Church is what different Christian denominations conceive of as being the true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus Christ. "Christian Church" has also been used in academia as a syn ...

, based on

Christian scriptures A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible. The English word ''canon'' comes from the Greek , meaning ' rule' or ' measuring stick'. The use ...

rather than a

creed A creed, also known as a confession of faith, a symbol, or a statement of faith, is a statement of the shared beliefs of a community (often a religious community) which summarizes its core tenets. Many Christian denominations use three creeds ...

. He later became allied with Alexander Campbell, a former Presbyterian minister who was also creating an independent sect, sometimes allied with

Baptists Baptists are a Christian denomination, denomination within Protestant Christianity distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete Immersion baptism, immersion. Baptist churches ge ...

, and formed the

Restoration Movement The Restoration Movement (also known as the American Restoration Movement or the Stone–Campbell Movement, and pejoratively as Campbellism) is a Christian movement that began on the American frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790–1 ...

. Stone's followers were first called "New Lights" and "Stoneites". Later, he and Campbell brought the groups together, which relied solely on the

Christian Bible The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to Christianity and Judaism, and esteemed in other Abrahamic religions such as Islam. The Bible is an anthology (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) biblical languages ...

. Several church groups have historical roots in Stone's efforts. The three main groups are the

Churches of Christ The Churches of Christ, also commonly known as the Church of Christ, is a loose association of autonomous Christian congregations located around the world. Typically, their distinguishing beliefs are that of the necessity of baptism for salvation ...

, the

Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States and Canada. The denomination started with the Restoration Movement during the Second Great Awakening, first existing during the 19th ...

, and the independent

Christian churches and churches of Christ The group of churches known as the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ is a fellowship of congregations within the Restoration Movement (also known as the Stone–Campbell Movement and the Reformation of the 19th Century) that have no form ...

. Additionally, there are the

International Churches of Christ The International Churches of Christ (ICOC) is a body of decentralized, co-operating, religiously conservative and racially integrated Christian congregations. Originating from the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement, the ICOC emerged from th ...

, the

International Christian Church Thomas Wayne "Kip" McKean II (born May 31, 1954) is an American minister. He was the founder of the International Churches of Christ and of the International Christian Church. He was former world missions evangelist of the International Chri ...

, the

Churches of Christ in Australia The Churches of Christ in Australia is a Reformed Restorationist denomination. It is affiliated with the Disciples Ecumenical Consultative Council and the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Key features of the church's worship are the weekly ...

, the

Churches of Christ in Europe The Churches of Christ in Europe are Christian groups of autonomous congregations using the name "church of Christ" which may or may not have a historical association with the Restoration Movement. These groups are characterized by an emphasi ...

, and the

Evangelical Christian Church in Canada The Evangelical Christian Church (Christian Disciples) is an evangelical Protestant Canadian church body. The Evangelical Christian Church's national office in Canada is in Waterloo, Ontario. History The church has its origins in the formal organ ...

Early life and education

Stone was born to John and Mary Warren Stone near

Port Tobacco Port Tobacco, officially Port Tobacco Village, is a town in Charles County, Maryland, United States. The population was 13 at the 2010 census, making Port Tobacco the smallest incorporated town in Maryland. Overview This was historically the te ...

on December 24, 1772.Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, entry on "Stone, Barton Warren" His immediate family was upper-middle class, with connections to Maryland's upper class of

planters Planters Nut & Chocolate Company is an American snack food company now owned by Hormel Foods. Planters is best known for its processed nuts and for the Mr. Peanut icon that symbolizes them. Mr. Peanut was created by grade schooler Antonio Gent ...

. The first

Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...

governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...

of Maryland, William Stone, was an ancestor; one of the signers of the

United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in the original printing, is the founding document of the United States. On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the Second Continen ...

Thomas Stone Thomas Stone (1743 – October 5, 1787) was an American Founding Father, planter, politician, and lawyer who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a delegate for Maryland. He later worked on the committee that formed the Arti ...

, was his second cousin. Mary Stone was a member of the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the State religion#State churches, established List of Christian denominations, Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies. It is the mother church of the Anglicanism, Anglican Christian tradition, ...

, and Barton had been christened by a

priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in parti ...

named Thomas Thornton. After Barton's father died in 1775, his mother moved the family to

Pittsylvania County, Virginia Pittsylvania County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 60,501. The county seat is Chatham. Pittsylvania County is included in the Danville, VA Micropolitan Statistical ...

, in 1779, then on the frontier. After the move to the Virginia frontier during the war, Mary joined the Methodists.Dr. Adron Doran, ''Restoring New Testament Christianity: Featuring Alexander Campbell, Thomas Campbell, Barton W. Stone, and Hall L. Calhoun,'' 21st Century Christian, 1997 Barton was not himself religious as a young man: he found the competing claims of the

Episcopalians Anglicanism, also known as Episcopalianism in some countries, is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Prot ...

, and Methodists confusing, and was much more interested in politics. Barton entered the Caldwell Log College in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1790. While there, Stone heard

James McGready Rev. James McGready (1763–1817) was a Presbyterian minister and a revivalist during the Second Great Awakening in the United States of America. He was one of the most important figures of the Second Great Awakening in the American frontier. ...

(an evangelical

Presbyterian Presbyterianism is a historically Reformed Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders, known as "presbyters". Though other Reformed churches are structurally similar, the word ''Pr ...

minister) speak. A few years later, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister.

Career

As Stone looked more deeply into the beliefs of the Presbyterians, especially the

Westminster Confession of Faith The Westminster Confession of Faith, or simply the Westminster Confession, is a Reformed confession of faith. Drawn up by the 1646 Westminster Assembly as part of the Westminster Standards to be a confession of the Church of England, it becam ...

, he doubted that some of the denomination's beliefs were grounded in the Christian Bible.Leroy Garrett, ''The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement'', College Press, 2002, , , 573 pages He was unable to accept the

Calvinist Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental Reformed Protestantism, Continenta ...

doctrines of

total depravity Total depravity (also called radical corruption or pervasive depravity) is a Protestant theological doctrine derived from the concept of original sin Original sin () in Christian theology refers to the condition of sinfulness that all h ...

unconditional election Unconditional election (also called sovereign election or unconditional grace) is a Calvinist doctrine relating to predestination that describes the actions and motives of God prior to his creation of the world, when he predestined some people t ...

, and

predestination Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby Go ...

. He also believed that "Calvinism's alleged theological sophistication had . . . been bought at the price of fomenting division" and "blamed it . . . for producing ten different sects within the Presbyterian tradition alone."Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, entry on "Calvinism" The

of 1801 was "set up as a traditional Presbyterian 'sacramental occasion'," similar to the one Stone attended earlier that year in Logan County—later called the

Revival of 1800 The Revival of 1800, also known as the Red River Revival, was a series of evangelical Christian meetings which began in Logan County, Kentucky. These ignited the subsequent events and influenced several of the leaders of the Second Great Awakening. ...

. Like its predecessor, the Cane Ridge Revival continued for two to three days. Attracting an estimated 20,000 people, Stone was one of eighteen Presbyterian ministers, along with a number of Baptist and Methodist preachers, who preached to the participants. Elements traditional to this form Christian revivalism included the "large number of ministers, the action sermon, the tables, the tent, the successive servings" of communion—all part of the evangelical Presbyterian tradition and "

" known in Scotland. In 1803, Stone and four other ministers formed the

after disagreeing with the

's decision to censure a minister for deviating from the Westminster Confession of Faith.Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, entry on ''Springfield Presbytery'' By 1804, the Springfield Presbytery had attracted 15 congregations in Ohio and Kentucky. The leaders of the new presbytery became concerned by its growth because they did not want to create a new denomination or "party" within Presbyterianism. Ultimately convinced that their newer Springfield Presbytery was sectarian, the ministers dissolved it on June 28, 1804. To publicize the dissolution, they signed a document entitled ''The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery''. The tract willed that "this body die, be dissolved, and sink into union with the Body of Christ at large." It expressed a desire for Christian unity and identified the Christian Bible as its standard. In addition to signing the ''Last Will and Testament'', they agreed to take "no other name than ''christians''" on the basis that it was "the name first given by divine authority to the disciples of Christ." Soon, they adopted the name "Christian" to identify their group. Thus, remnants from the Springfield Presbytery became known as the

.McAlister, Lester G. and Tucker, William E. (1975), ''Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ),'' St. Louis, Chalice Press, It is estimated that the Christian Church numbered about 12,000 by 1830.

Elias Smith Elias Smith (17 June 1769 – 29 June 1846) was an American preacher, physician, journalist and clergyman. Smith, along with the preacher Abner Jones, founded a group of Christian Churches in New England that eventually merged with other like-mi ...

had heard of the Stone movement by 1804 and the

O'Kelly O'Kelly or Kelly is an Irish surname. It derives from the Kings of Uí Maine. Notable people with the surname include: * Aloysius O'Kelly (1853–1936), Irish painter, brother of James Joseph O'Kelly * Auguste O'Kelly (1829–1900), music publ ...

movement by 1808.Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, entry on ''Christian Connection'' The three groups "declared themselves one" by 1810. At that time the combined movement had a membership of approximately 20,000. This loose fellowship of churches was called by the names "Christian Connection/Connexion" or "Christian Church."C. Leonard Allen and Richard T. Hughes, ''Discovering Our Roots: The Ancestry of the Churches of Christ,'' Abilene Christian University Press, 1988, In 1819, Stone moved with his family to

Georgetown, Kentucky Georgetown is a home rule-class city in Scott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 37,086 at the 2020 census. It is the sixth-most populous city in Kentucky. It is the seat of its county. It was originally called Lebanon whe ...

, where he had been hired as principal of the Rittenhouse Academy, which became

Georgetown College Georgetown College is a private Christian liberal arts college in Georgetown, Kentucky. Chartered in 1829, Georgetown was the first Baptist college west of the Appalachian Mountains. The college offers over 40 undergraduate degrees and a Mas ...

in 1829. In 1834, the Stones moved to

Jacksonville, Illinois Jacksonville is a city and the county seat of Morgan County, Illinois, United States. The population was 17,616 at the 2020 census, down from 19,446 in 2010. It is home to Illinois College, Illinois School for the Deaf, and the Illinois Sc ...

, in part to be able to free

slaves Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...

whom his wife had inherited. This was not possible in Kentucky because they were attached to the estate. His mother-in-law's will bequeathed the slaves to his wife and her children in perpetuity in a way that placed them under the control of

trustee Trustee (or the holding of a trusteeship) is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, refers to anyone in a position of trust and so can refer to any individual who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the ...

s. Moving to a free state allowed the Stones to emancipate them. Stone was a proponent of

abolition Abolition refers to the act of putting an end to something by law, and may refer to: *Abolitionism, abolition of slavery *Capital punishment#Abolition of capital punishment, Abolition of the death penalty, also called capital punishment *Abolitio ...

and an active supporter of the

American Colonization Society The American Colonization Society (ACS), initially the Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, was an American organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the repatriation of freeborn peop ...

, which promoted sending free blacks to a colony in Africa—this was the basis of

Liberia Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast–Lib ...

. By 1833, Stone had become disillusioned by the lack of success of the colonization efforts and began to support the immediate abolition of slavery. The "Christian" movement associated with Stone merged with the "Disciples" movement led by Alexander Campbell in 1832.Monroe E. Hawley, ''Redigging the Wells: Seeking Undenominational Christianity'', Quality Publications, Abilene, Texas, 1976, (paper), (cloth)Davis, M. M. (1915)
''How the Disciples Began and Grew, A Short History of the Christian Church''"> ''How the Disciples Began and Grew, A Short History of the Christian Church''
, Cincinnati: The Standard Publishing CompanyGarrison, Winfred Earnest and DeGroot, Alfred T. (1948). ''The Disciples of Christ, A History'', St Louis, Missouri: The Bethany PressDouglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, Introductory section entitled ''Stone-Campbell History Over Three Centuries: A Survey and Analysis''Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, Introductory Chronology This was formalized at the High Street Meeting House in

Lexington, Kentucky Lexington is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city coterminous with and the county seat of Fayette County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census the city's population was 322,570, making it the List of ...

, with a handshake between Barton W. Stone and John Smith. Smith had been chosen, by those present, to speak on behalf of the followers of the Campbells. A preliminary meeting of the two groups was held in late December 1831, culminating with the merger on January 1, 1832. Campbell had been publishing the ''

Christian Baptist The ''Christian Baptist'', established in 1823 by Alexander Campbell, was the first magazine associated with the early Restoration Movement.Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian ...

'' since 1823,Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, entry on ''Christian Baptist, The'', pp. 174-175 and Stone the '' Christian Messenger'' since 1826.Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, , , 854 pages, entry on ''Christian Messenger'', pp. 194-195 They intended to bring their followers together under

Jesus Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Chris ...

with their publications.H. Leo Boles, ''Biographical Sketches of Gospel Preachers'', Nashville, TN: Gospel Advocate Company, 1932, pp.28-32 When the Christians and Disciples united in 1832, only a minority of Christians from the Smith/Jones and O'Kelly movements participated. Those who did were from congregations on the frontier, west of the

Appalachian Mountains The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a mountain range in eastern to northeastern North America. The term "Appalachian" refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range, and its surrounding terrain ...

, that had come into contact with the Stone movement. The eastern members had several key differences from the Stone and Campbell group: an emphasis on a conversion experience, quarterly observance of communion, and

nontrinitarianism Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the orthodox Christian theology of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence ( ...

Stone died on November 9, 1844, in

Hannibal, Missouri Hannibal is a city along the Mississippi River in Marion County, Missouri, Marion and Ralls County, Missouri, Ralls counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. According to the 2020 United States census, 2020 U.S. Census, the population was 17,108, ...

, at the home of his daughter.Olbricht, T. H. (2003). "Stone, Barton W." In (T. Larsen, D. W. Bebbington, M. A. Noll, & S. Carter, Eds.), ''Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals'', Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. His body was buried on his farm in

Morgan County, Illinois Morgan County is a County (United States), county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it had a population of 32,915. Its county seat is Jacksonville, Illinois, Jacksonville. Morgan Co ...

. When the farm was sold, descendants had his remains reinterred at Antioch Christian Church, east of Jacksonville. In 1847, his remains were moved again and reinterred at

Cane Ridge, Kentucky Cane Ridge was the site of a huge camp meeting in 1801, the Cane Ridge Revival, that drew thousands of people and had a lasting influence as one of the landmark events of the Second Great Awakening, which took place largely in frontier areas o ...

. A marble obelisk there is inscribed:

The church of Christ at Cane Ridge and other generous friends in Kentucky have caused this monument to be erected as a tribute of affection and gratitude to Barton W. Stone, minister of the gospel of Christ and the distinguished reformer of the nineteenth century. Born December 24, 1772: died November 9, 1844. His remains lie here. This monument erected in 1847.

Theological controversy

Stone was ordained as a Presbyterian pastor but rejected components of the Westminster Confession of Faith. In particular, he had issues with the classical view of the

Trinity The Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the Christian doctrine concerning the nature of God, which defines one God existing in three, , consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, thr ...

. He denied being a Unitarian,

Arian Arianism (, ) is a Christological doctrine which rejects the traditional notion of the Trinity and considers Jesus to be a creation of God, and therefore distinct from God. It is named after its major proponent, Arius (). It is considered he ...

, or

Socinian Socinianism ( ) is a Nontrinitarian Christian belief system developed and co-founded during the Protestant Reformation by the Italian Renaissance humanists and theologians Lelio Sozzini and Fausto Sozzini, uncle and nephew, respectively. I ...

, but he did hold a

subordinationist Subordinationism is a Trinity, Trinitarian doctrine wherein the God the Son, Son (and sometimes also the Holy Spirit in Christianity, Holy Spirit) is subordinate to the God the Father, Father, not only in submission and role, but with actual ontol ...

view of Jesus. In addition to his issues with the

, he also took issue with the prevailing understanding of atomement in Christianity. He did not believe that Jesus died in humankind's place as a substitutionary sacrifice; his views are more in line with the

moral influence theory of atonement A moral (from Latin ''morālis'') is a message that is conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event. The moral may be left to the hearer, reader, or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. ...

Charles Finney Charles Grandison Finney (August 29, 1792 – August 16, 1875) was a controversial American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called the "Father of Old Revivalism". Finney reject ...

. Stone outlined his views on the Trinity in a publication entitled ''An Address to the Christian Churches in Kentucky, Tennessee & Ohio on Several Important Doctrines of Religion''.Barton W. Stone
''An Address to the Christian Churches in Kentucky, Tennessee & Ohio on Several Important Doctrines of Religion''
''Address to the Christian Churches'', 2nd edition,

, Printed by I. T. Cavins, & Co., 1821.

Charles Chilton Moore

Stone's grandson, Charles Chilton Moore, initially became a preacher in the tradition of his father and grandfather, but he later became one of America's most famous atheists and founded the Blue Grass Blade, a newspaper which he used to promote atheism and criticise religion.

Legacy and honors

*In 1847, a monument was erected in Stone's honor at his gravesite in

Barton College Barton College is a private liberal arts college in Wilson, North Carolina. It is affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). It offers 29 majors and 7 minors as well as 6 master's degrees. History Barton College was incorpo ...

(formerly Atlantic Christian College) in

Wilson, North Carolina Wilson is a city in and the county seat of Wilson County, North Carolina, United States. It is the List of municipalities in North Carolina, 23rd-most populous city in North Carolina. Located about east of the capital city of Raleigh, North Car ...

was named in his honor.

Citations

References

* West, Earl Irvin (2002). ''The Search for the Ancient Order, Vol. 1''. Gospel Light Publishing Company. *Foster, Douglas A.(Editor), Blowers, Paul M.(Editor), Dunnavant, Anthony L.(Editor), Williams, D. Newell(Editor). ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. *John Rogers
''THE BIOGRAPHY OF ELD. BARTON W. STONE, WRITTEN BY HIMSELF: WITH ADDITIONS AND REFLECTIONS''
(Cincinnati: J.A. & U.P. James, 1847), 120–29, at Dr. Hans Rollman, ''Restoration Movement'' Website,

Abilene Christian University Abilene Christian University (ACU) is a Private university, private Christian research university in Abilene, Texas, United States. It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as an R2 (High Research Spending and Doctorate Production) institutio ...

*North, James B. ''Union in Truth: an Interpretive History of the Restoration Movement''.

External links

Writings of Barton W. Stone

''Disciples of Christ Historical Society''
Holds artifacts and records relating to Barton Stone.
Autobiography
(published posthumously in 1847). {{DEFAULTSORT:Stone, Barton W. 1772 births 1844 deaths 19th-century American Episcopalians 19th-century American Presbyterian ministers American abolitionists Ministers of the Restoration Movement People from Port Tobacco Village, Maryland Presbyterian abolitionists Restoration Movement Stone family People in Christian ecumenism Founders of new religious movements

Early life and education

Career

Theological controversy

Charles Chilton Moore

Legacy and honors

Citations

References

Further reading

External links