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Banks Peninsula () is a rocky
peninsula A peninsula is a landform that extends from a mainland and is only connected to land on one side. Peninsulas exist on each continent. The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula. Etymology The word ''peninsula'' derives , . T ...
on the east coast of the
South Island The South Island ( , 'the waters of Pounamu, Greenstone') is the largest of the three major islands of New Zealand by surface area, the others being the smaller but more populous North Island and Stewart Island. It is bordered to the north by ...
of New Zealand that was formed by two now-extinct volcanoes. It has an area of approximately . It includes two large deep-water harbours —
Lyttelton Harbour Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is a major inlet on the northwest side of Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand, Canterbury, New Zealand; the other major inlet is Akaroa Harbour, which enters from the southern side of the ...
and
Akaroa Harbour Akaroa Harbour is part of Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. The harbour enters from the southern coast of the peninsula, heading in a predominantly northerly direction. It is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula ...
— and many smaller bays and coves. The South Island's largest city,
Christchurch Christchurch (; ) is the largest city in the South Island and the List of cities in New Zealand, second-largest city by urban area population in New Zealand. Christchurch has an urban population of , and a metropolitan population of over hal ...
, is immediately north of the peninsula which, is administered by
Christchurch City Council The Christchurch City Council (CCC) is the local government authority for Christchurch in New Zealand. It is a territorial authority elected to represent the people of Christchurch. Since October 2022, the Mayor of Christchurch is Phil Ma ...
. The main settlements are Lyttelton and
Akaroa Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Ngāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu Māori language, Māori for "Long Harbour", which woul ...
. The peninsula's economy is based on fisheries, farming and tourism.
Māori Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...
were the first people to visit, and settle, the peninsula. The sparse population was reduced further following massacres by raiding parties of
North Island The North Island ( , 'the fish of Māui', historically New Ulster) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but less populous South Island by Cook Strait. With an area of , it is the List ...
Māori in 1830 and 1832. In 1770, explorer
James Cook Captain (Royal Navy), Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer, and cartographer famous for his three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, conducted between 176 ...
became the first European to sight the peninsula, which he mistook for an island, naming it after his ship's botanist
Joseph Banks Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, (19 June 1820) was an English Natural history, naturalist, botanist, and patron of the natural sciences. Banks made his name on the European and American voyages of scientific exploration, 1766 natural-history ...
. From the 1830s, European whalers set up shore-based stations in some of the bays and harbours. European interest in the permanent settlement of the area developed in the 1830s, and in 1840 a small French settlement was established in
Akaroa Harbour Akaroa Harbour is part of Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. The harbour enters from the southern coast of the peninsula, heading in a predominantly northerly direction. It is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula ...
, which lasted for around ten years. In the late 1840s, the Canterbury Association in England chose the central South Island as the site for a model English colony with
Christchurch Christchurch (; ) is the largest city in the South Island and the List of cities in New Zealand, second-largest city by urban area population in New Zealand. Christchurch has an urban population of , and a metropolitan population of over hal ...
, just north of the peninsula, as its capital. Banks Peninsula was not part of the original land purchase for the colony but Port Cooper (now known as Lyttelton Harbour) was to be its port and point of entry. The first 800 settlers arrived in December 1850. Lyttelton is the working port of Christchurch. Leisure and environmental activities on the peninsula are popular.


Geology

Banks Peninsula forms the most prominent volcanic feature of the South Island, similar to — but more than twice as large as — the older Dunedin volcano (
Otago Peninsula The Otago Peninsula () is a long, hilly indented finger of land that forms the easternmost part of Dunedin, New Zealand. Volcanic in origin, it forms one wall of the eroded valley that now forms Otago Harbour. The peninsula lies south-east of Ot ...
and
Harbour A harbor (American English), or harbour (Commonwealth English; see American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, spelling differences), is a sheltered body of water where ships, boats, and barges can be Mooring, moored. The t ...
) to the southwest. Geologically, the peninsula comprises the eroded remnants of two large (Lyttelton formed first, then Akaroa), and the smaller Mount Herbert Volcanic Group. These formed due to intraplate volcanism between approximately eleven and eight million years ago (
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
) on a continental crust. The peninsula formed as offshore islands, with the volcanoes reaching to about 1,500 m above sea level. Two dominant craters formed Lyttelton and
Akaroa Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Ngāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu Māori language, Māori for "Long Harbour", which woul ...
Harbours. The
Canterbury Plains The Canterbury Plains () are an area in New Zealand centred in the Mid Canterbury, to the south of the city of Christchurch in the Canterbury region. Their northern extremes are at the foot of the Hundalee Hills in the Hurunui District, and ...
were formed from the erosion of the
Southern Alps The Southern Alps (; officially Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana) are a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand, New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The n ...
(an extensive and high mountain range caused by the meeting of the
Indo-Australian Indian Australians or Indo-Australians are Australians of Indian ancestry. This includes both those who are Australian by birth, and those born in India or elsewhere in the Indian diaspora. Indian Australians are one of the largest groups with ...
and Pacific tectonic plates) and from the
alluvial fan An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans outwards from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an escarpment. They are characteristic of mountainous terrain in arid to Semi-arid climate, semiar ...
s created by large
braided river A braided river (also called braided channel or braided stream) consists of a network of river channel (geography), channels separated by small, often temporary, islands called ''braid bars'' or, in British English usage, ''aits'' or ''eyots''. ...
s. These plains reach their widest point where they meet the hilly sub-region of Banks Peninsula. A layer of
loess A loess (, ; from ) is a clastic rock, clastic, predominantly silt-sized sediment that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust. Ten percent of Earth's land area is covered by loesses or similar deposition (geology), deposits. A loess ...
, a rather unstable fine silt deposited by the
foehn wind A Foehn, or Föhn (, , , ), is a type of dry, relatively warm downslope wind in the lee of a mountain range. It is a rain shadow wind that results from the subsequent adiabatic warming of air that has dropped most of its moisture on windw ...
s which bluster across the plains, covers the northern and western flanks of the peninsula. The portion of crater rim lying between Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō and Christchurch city forms the
Port Hills The Port Hills () are a range of hills in Canterbury Region of New Zealand, so named because they lie between the city of Christchurch and its port at Lyttelton, New Zealand, Lyttelton. They are an eroded remnant of the Banks Peninsula Volcano ...
. This low-lying lake-filled isthmus is responsible for James Cook mistaking Banks Peninsula for an island. From a geological perspective, Cook was not so much incorrect, as late. For 15 million years, Banks Peninsula existed as a volcanic island, and it was only in the last 20,000 years that an isthmus to the Canterbury Plains emerged, transforming the island into a peninsula.


History


Prehistory - Māori period

According to tradition, the first
Māori Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...
settlers of the area now known as Banks Peninsula were the
Waitaha Waitaha may refer to: * Waitaha (Bay of Plenty iwi), a Māori tribe of the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand * Waitaha (South Island iwi), a historic Māori tribe of the South Island of New Zealand * Waitaha penguin (''Megadyptes waitaha''), an ...
, led by their founding ancestor
Rākaihautū Rākaihautū was the captain of the canoe () and a Polynesian ancestor of various , most famously of Waitaha and other southern groups, though he is also known in the traditions of Taitokerau and in those of Rarotonga. In Māori traditions ...
. The Māori name for the peninsula is Te Pātaka o Rākaihautū (The Storehouse of Rākaihautū) in recognition of his deeds and the abundance of mahinga kai (foods of the forests, sea, rivers and skies). They were followed by
Kāti Māmoe Kāti Māmoe (also spelled Ngāti Māmoe) is a Māori iwi. Originally from the Heretaunga Plains of New Zealand's Hawke's Bay, they moved in the 16th century to the South Island which at the time was already occupied by the Waitaha. A centu ...
, and then the
Ngāi Tahu Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal Māori people, Māori (tribe) of the South Island. Its (tribal area) is the largest in New Zealand, and extends from the White Bluffs / Te Parinui o Whiti (southeast of Blenheim, New Zealand, Blenhe ...
hapū In Māori language, Māori and New Zealand English, a ' ("subtribe", or "clan") functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society". A Māori person can belong to or have links to many hapū. Historically, each hapū had its own chief ...
Ngāi Tūhaitara, who arrived in the 1730s.


1770–1832 – Captain Cook; limited European interest;

Te Rauparaha Te Rauparaha ( – 27 November 1849) was a Māori rangatira, warlord, and chief of the Ngāti Toa iwi. One of the most powerful military leaders of the Musket Wars, Te Rauparaha fought a war of conquest that greatly expanded Ngāti Toa south ...
and Māori massacres

The first European sighting of the peninsula was on 17 February 1770 by Captain
James Cook Captain (Royal Navy), Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer, and cartographer famous for his three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, conducted between 176 ...
and crew during Cook's first circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook described the land as "of a circular figure ... of a very broken uneven surface and avingmore the appearance of barrenness than fertility." Deceived by the outline of higher land behind the peninsula, Cook mistook it for an island and named it "Banks Island" in honour of s botanist,
Joseph Banks Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, (19 June 1820) was an English Natural history, naturalist, botanist, and patron of the natural sciences. Banks made his name on the European and American voyages of scientific exploration, 1766 natural-history ...
. Distracted by a phantom sighting of land to the southeast, Cook then ordered ''Endeavour'' away to the south without exploring more closely. In 1809, Captain Samuel Chase, in the sealer ''Pegasus'', corrected Cook's charts by determining that "Banks Island" was in fact a peninsula. His first officer, William Stewart, charted this area of the coast. Pegasus Bay is named after their vessel. In 1830, the Māori settlement at
Takapūneke Takapūneke, with the location also known as Red House Bay, is a former kāinga—an unfortified Māori village—adjacent to present-day Akaroa, New Zealand. Takapūneke was a major trading post for the local iwi (tribe), Ngāi Tahu, as there wa ...
was sacked, and the local Ngāi Tahu chief,
Tama-i-hara-nui Tama-i-hara-nui (17?? – 1830/1831) or Tamaiharanui, also known as Te Maiharanui, was a New Zealand Māori chief of Ngāi Tahu and its Ngāti Rakiāmoa hapū. He was "strong and ruthless" and was a central figure in the 1820s Kai Huānga ( ...
captured, by
Ngāti Toa Ngāti Toa, also called Ngāti Toarangatira or Ngāti Toa Rangatira, is a Māori people, Māori ''iwi'' (tribe) based in the southern North Island and the northern South Island of New Zealand. Ngāti Toa remains a small iwi with a population of ...
war-chief,
Te Rauparaha Te Rauparaha ( – 27 November 1849) was a Māori rangatira, warlord, and chief of the Ngāti Toa iwi. One of the most powerful military leaders of the Musket Wars, Te Rauparaha fought a war of conquest that greatly expanded Ngāti Toa south ...
, with the assistance of the captain of the British brig ''Elizabeth,'' John Stewart. This revenge attack for the killing of several Ngāti Toa chiefs at
Kaiapoi Pā Kaiapoi Pā is a historic pā (fort) site just north of the Waimakariri River in Canterbury, New Zealand. The pā was a major centre of trade and nobility for Ngāi Tahu in the Classical Māori period. Established around 1700, the pā was sa ...
in 1829. Ngāti Toa returned in 1832 to sack
Kaiapoi Pā Kaiapoi Pā is a historic pā (fort) site just north of the Waimakariri River in Canterbury, New Zealand. The pā was a major centre of trade and nobility for Ngāi Tahu in the Classical Māori period. Established around 1700, the pā was sa ...
and Ōnawe Pā. It was partly as a result of these massacres that the British authorities sent
James Busby James Busby (7 February 1802 – 15 July 1871) was the British Resident in New Zealand from 1833 to 1840. He was involved in drafting the 1835 Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. As British Residen ...
, as official British Resident, to New Zealand in 1832, and one of the factors that led to the
Treaty of Waitangi The Treaty of Waitangi (), sometimes referred to as ''Te Tiriti'', is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand, Constitution of New Zealand, its constitution, and its national mythos. It has played a major role in the tr ...
.


1830–1848 – Whalers, the French, Britain asserts sovereignty

During the 1830s, a few vagrant settlers from Britain and America lived on and near the peninsular, with some taking Māori wives. Several European
whaling Whaling is the hunting of whales for their products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that was important in the Industrial Revolution. Whaling was practiced as an organized industry as early as 875 AD. By the 16t ...
bases were established on Banks Peninsula. In 1838, Captain
Jean François Langlois Jean François Langlois (; 26 June 1808 – ?) was a New Zealand whaler and coloniser. He was born in La Luzerne, in Normandy, France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France ...
, a French whaler, decided that
Akaroa Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Ngāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu Māori language, Māori for "Long Harbour", which woul ...
would make a good settlement to service whaling ships and made a provisional purchase of land in "the greater Banks Peninsula" from 12 Kāi Tahu chiefs. A deposit of commodities in the value of £6 was paid and a further £234 worth of commodities was to be paid at a later period. He returned to
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
, advertised for settlers to go to New Zealand, and ceded his interest in the land to the
Nanto-Bordelaise Company The Nanto-Bordelaise Company — formally ''La Compagnie de Bordeaux et de Nantes pour la Colonisation de l’Île du Sud de la Nouvelle Zélande et ses Dépendances'' — was a French company inaugurated in 1839 by a group of merchants from the c ...
, of which he became a part-owner. On 9 March 1840 he set sail for New Zealand with a group of French and German families aboard the ship , with the intention of forming a
French colony The French colonial empire () comprised the overseas Colony, colonies, protectorates, and League of Nations mandate, mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "Firs ...
on a French South Island of New Zealand. By the time Langlois and his colonists arrived at Banks Peninsula in August 1840, many Māori had already signed the Treaty of Waitangi (the signatories including two chiefs at Akaroa in May) and New Zealand's first British Governor,
William Hobson Captain William Hobson (26 September 1792 – 10 September 1842) was an Anglo-Irish officer in the British Royal Navy, who served as the first Governor of New Zealand. He was a co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi. Hobson was dispatched f ...
, had declared British sovereignty over the whole of New Zealand. On hearing of the French plan for colonisation, Hobson quickly dispatched HMS ''Britomart'' from the
Bay of Islands The Bay of Islands is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the most popular fishing, sailing and tourist destinations in the country, and has been renowned internationally for ...
to Akaroa with police magistrates on board. While Langlois and his colonists sheltered from unfavourable winds at Pigeon Bay on the other side of the peninsula, the British raised their flag at Greens Point between Akaroa and Takapūneke and courts of law convened to assert British sovereignty over the South Island. The French colonists arrived in Akaroa Harbour on 18 August and established a settlement centred on the present-day site of Akaroa. Given that the French colonists had set out for New Zealand on the assumption that they owned the land, the New Zealand authorities made a grant of 30,000 acres to the Nanto-Bordelaise Company, which ceded all rights to the peninsula for £4,500.


1848–1876 – The Canterbury Association and the Canterbury Province

During the 1840s, the peninsula and the Canterbury Plains beyond were considered for colonisation, but it took until 1848 for the
Canterbury Association The Canterbury Association was formed in 1848 in England by Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), members of parliament, Peerage of the United Kingdom, peers, and Anglicanism, Anglican church leaders, to establish a colony in New Zealand. The se ...
chief surveyor, Captain Joseph Thomas to survey the surrounding plains and prepare for the arrival of the
Canterbury pilgrims The Canterbury Association was formed in 1848 in England by members of parliament, peers, and Anglican church leaders, to establish a colony in New Zealand. The settlement was to be called Canterbury, with its capital to be known as Christchurch ...
in December 1850. The
Canterbury Province The Canterbury Province was a province of New Zealand from 1853 until the abolition of provincial government in 1876. Its capital was Christchurch. History Canterbury was founded in December 1850 by the Canterbury Association of influential En ...
was abolished as the clock struck midnight on 31 December 1876, ushering in the new year.


1877–2006 – Akaroa County and Banks Peninsula District

Akaroa County, which covered most of Banks Peninsula was one of the
counties of New Zealand A system of counties of New Zealand was instituted after the country dissolved its provinces in 1876, and these counties were similar to other countries' systems, lasting with little change (except mergers and other localised boundary adjustmen ...
established in 1877. The council first met in
Akaroa Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Ngāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu Māori language, Māori for "Long Harbour", which woul ...
courthouse on 4 January 1877. In 1880 new offices were opened at
Duvauchelle Duvauchelle Bay () is a small town situated at the head of Akaroa Harbour on Banks Peninsula in New Zealand. State Highway 75 passes through the town. The Ōnawe Peninsula separates Duvauchelle bay from Barry's Bay. Duvauchelle is now part of ...
. An area around Lyttelton was separated off in 1902 to form Mount Herbert County. Counties were abolished in 1989 and most of the peninsula then came within the Banks Peninsula District, which was itself abolished in 2006.


Economy


Fisheries

Several sites off the coast of the peninsula serve for
mariculture Mariculture, sometimes called marine farming or marine aquaculture, is a branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other animal products, in seawater. Subsets of it include ( offshore mariculture), fish fa ...
cultivation of
mussel Mussel () is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and Freshwater bivalve, freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other ...
s.


Farming

Farming has been a traditional industry on Banks Peninsula.


Tourism

Following the major earthquakes of
2010 The year saw a multitude of natural and environmental disasters such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the 2010 Chile earthquake. The 2009 swine flu pandemic, swine flu pandemic which began the previous year ...
and
2011 The year marked the start of a Arab Spring, series of protests and revolutions throughout the Arab world advocating for democracy, reform, and economic recovery, later leading to the depositions of world leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, and Yemen ...
, which affected Christchurch and Lyttelton (the harbour serving Christchurch), cruise ships were diverted to Akaroa Harbour.


Summit Road

The Summit Road forms a notable feature on the peninsula. The road included portions of the early tracks that were built to move cattle around (e.g. the 15 mile track from Akaroa to Pigeon Bay completed in 1844). Much of the construction was completed in the 1880s with more work carried out in the 1930s, the road is in two sections (both of which have views of the area, as well as parks, walkways, and other recreational features): * one section runs along the crest of the Port Hills from Awaroa / Godley Head (the northern head of Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō) to Gebbies Pass at the head of the harbour. * the other section runs around the crater rim of Akaroa Harbour from 'Hill Top' – the junction with the main Christchurch-Akaroa highway – to a point above Akaroa.


Conservation

Estimates suggest that native forest once covered 98% of the peninsula. However, Māori and European settlers successively denuded the forest cover and less than 2% remains today, although some reforestation has started. European settlers have planted many English trees, notably
walnut A walnut is the edible seed of any tree of the genus '' Juglans'' (family Juglandaceae), particularly the Persian or English walnut, '' Juglans regia''. They are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an i ...
.


Hinewai Reserve

Hinewai Reserve, a private
nature reserve A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geologic ...
, has been established on the peninsula to allow for native forest to regenerate on land that was once farmed. It was established in 1987 and now spans 1250 hectares of native bush. it has 40 km of walking tracks through the native bush. Other protected areas on the peninsula include Ellangowan Scenic Reserve (3.14 km2), designated in 1973, Mount Herbert Scenic Reserve (2.42 km2), designated in 1980, Wairewa Stewardship Area (6.51 km2), designated in 1987, and Palm Gully Scenic Reserve (1.11 km2), designated in 1989.


Marine Reserves

A large Marine Mammal Sanctuary, mainly restricting set-net fishing, surrounds much of the peninsula. This has the principal aim of the conservation of Hector's dolphin, the smallest of all
dolphin A dolphin is an aquatic mammal in the cetacean clade Odontoceti (toothed whale). Dolphins belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontopori ...
species. Eco-tourism based around the playful dolphins has now become a significant industry in Akaroa. The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary was expanded in 2020, with restrictions introduced on seismic surveying and seabed mining. The sanctuary stretches from the
Jed River The Jed River is a river of New Zealand's South Island. It flows to the Pacific Ocean close to the town of Cheviot, New Zealand, Cheviot adjacent to Gore Bay, New Zealand, Gore Bay. It combines with Buxton Creek behind a rocky beach before draini ...
south to the
Waitaki River The Waitaki River is a large braided river in the South Island of New Zealand. It drains the Mackenzie Basin and runs south-east to enter the Pacific Ocean between Timaru and Oamaru on the east coast. It starts at the confluence of the Ōhau Ri ...
, and extends 20 nautical miles out to sea, covering an area of about 14,310 km2. The relatively small Pōhatu Marine Reserve centres on Pōhatu / Flea Bay on the south-east side of the peninsula and the larger
Akaroa Marine Reserve The Akaroa Marine Reserve is a Marine reserves of New Zealand, marine reserve covering an area of at the entrance to the Akaroa Harbour in New Zealand. It was approved in 2013 after a lengthy campaign, and established in 2014. The history and ...
lies at the entrance to the
Akaroa Harbour Akaroa Harbour is part of Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. The harbour enters from the southern coast of the peninsula, heading in a predominantly northerly direction. It is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula ...
. A taiäpure (local fishing co-management tool) is in place for 90 percent of Akaroa Harbour. The history and outcomes of the this taiāpure overlap with the two reserves.


Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust

Rod Donald Rodney David Donald (10 October 1957 – 6 November 2005) was a New Zealand politician who co-led the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, along with Jeanette Fitzsimons. He lived in Christchurch with his partner Nicola Shirlaw, and their thr ...
was a member of parliament who died in 2005 aged 47. The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust aims to improve public walking and biking access and enhance biodiversity on Banks Peninsula. They (in 2020) are raising money to purchase 500ha of land including the summits of Mt Herbert/Te Ahu Pātiki and Mt Bradley with the intention to set up a conservation park protecting and restoring native biodiversity. The land is currently farmland but over time the trust intends to return it to native bush. In May 2021, the money was raised to purchase the land. The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust plans to upgrade fencing and remove feral grazing animals. The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust are also involved in developing Te Ara Pātaka, also known as the Summit Walkway. They have also been involved in providing tramping huts (Rod Donald Hut and Ōtamahua Hut on
Ōtamahua / Quail Island Ōtamahua / Quail Island ( or ) is an uninhabited island within Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō in the South Island of New Zealand, close to Christchurch. The island was given its European name by Captain William Mein Smith who saw New Zealand ...
) for the public to access.


Banks Peninsula Conservation Trust

Banks Peninsula Conservation Trust was formed in 2001. It works to conserve and enhance the biodiversity and encourage
sustainable land management Land management is the process of managing the use and development of land resources. Those resources are used for a variety of purposes for example agriculture, forestry, water resource management, human settlements and tourism. One aim of l ...
on Banks Peninsula. Work being undertaken in 2020 included work to protect ruru (morepork) and
tūī The tūī (''Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae'') is a medium-sized bird native to New Zealand. It is blue, green, and bronze coloured with a distinctive white throat tuft (poi). It is an endemism, endemic passerine bird of New Zealand, and the on ...
. They also work with landowners to legally protect important biodiversity and landscape values in perpetuity through covenants.


Demographics

Banks Peninsula Ward of Christchurch City Council, which encompasses the area south of the
Port Hills The Port Hills () are a range of hills in Canterbury Region of New Zealand, so named because they lie between the city of Christchurch and its port at Lyttelton, New Zealand, Lyttelton. They are an eroded remnant of the Banks Peninsula Volcano ...
, covers . Banks Peninsula Ward had a population of 8,850 at the
2018 New Zealand census The 2018 New Zealand census, which took place on Tuesday 6 March 2018, was the thirty-fourth national census in New Zealand. The population of New Zealand was counted as 4,699,755 – an increase of 457,707 (10.79%) over the 2013 census. Resu ...
, an increase of 615 people (7.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 684 people (8.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,747 households. There were 4,374 males and 4,476 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 48.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 1,410 people (15.9%) aged under 15 years, 999 (11.3%) aged 15 to 29, 4,710 (53.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,728 (19.5%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 93.1% European/Pākehā, 8.3% Māori, 1.3% Pacific peoples, 3.1% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). The proportion of people born overseas was 26.8%, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people objected to giving their religion, 58.9% had no religion, 29.0% were Christian, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 3.4% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 2,400 (32.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 804 (10.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,807 (51.2%) people were employed full-time, 1,383 (18.6%) were part-time, and 135 (1.8%) were unemployed.


Towns


Lyttelton

Lyttelton is an historic port town in Lyttelton Harbour. The colonial port has expanded destination for cruise ships as well as large goods-transport vessels


Akaroa

Akaroa Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Ngāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu Māori language, Māori for "Long Harbour", which woul ...
is a main township of Akaroa harbour. Many people have a holiday house at Akaroa or visit for a holiday or day trip from Christchurch. The township began as a whaling port, and over ten years from 1835 to 1845,
Southern Right whale The southern right whale (''Eubalaena australis'') is a baleen whale, one of three species classified as right whales belonging to the genus ''Eubalaena''. Southern right whales inhabit oceans south of the Equator, between the latitudes of 20 ...
were hunted to near extinction. Following the decline of the whaling industry, sawmilling and cutting cocksfoot grass emerged as a primary industry, and subsequently it became a rural hub, servicing sheep and beef farmers. Today, Akaroa's economy is closely tied to the environment, with tourism—particularly marine nature tourism—serving as its principal source of income.


Little River

Little River Little River may refer to several places: Australia Streams New South Wales *Little River (Dubbo), source in the Dubbo region, a tributary of the Macquarie River * Little River (Oberon), source in the Oberon Shire, a tributary of Coxs River (Haw ...
is a small town which sits at the end of the Little River Rail Trail. There are several art galleries, a camp ground, rugby club and primary school there. Wairewa.


Wainui

Wainui is a settlement of mostly holiday houses on the Akaroa harbour. Wainui can mean 'big water' or 'big river' or 'big bay'. Wainui was once home to a large Ngāti Māmoe settlement. Wainui has important associations for
Ngāi Tahu Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal Māori people, Māori (tribe) of the South Island. Its (tribal area) is the largest in New Zealand, and extends from the White Bluffs / Te Parinui o Whiti (southeast of Blenheim, New Zealand, Blenhe ...
as the bay was then claimed by Te Ruahikihiki for Ngāi Tahu. He made his claim when he landed at Wainui and dug for fern roots there. (This was one of the many traditional ways to claim land). In Ngāi Tahu legend, Tuhiraki (Mt Bossu) which lies behind Wainui, is the resting place of the kō (digging stick) of Rakaihautū. He used this digging stick to dig out many of the South Island lakes. In 1856, the Wainui Māori Reserve was established and set aside 432 acres for the Ngāi Tarewa Hapū of Ngāi Tahu. In the 1857 census, there was 40 people living there but by 1861, this had declined to 20 people. A post office was established in 1874, telephone office in 1875, school in 1885 and Presbyterian Church in 1911.


Duvauchelle

Duvauchelle Duvauchelle Bay () is a small town situated at the head of Akaroa Harbour on Banks Peninsula in New Zealand. State Highway 75 passes through the town. The Ōnawe Peninsula separates Duvauchelle bay from Barry's Bay. Duvauchelle is now part of ...
is a small town which sits at the head of the Akaroa harbour.


Diamond Harbour

Diamond Harbour Diamond Harbour is a town and municipality located in the South 24 Parganas district of the Indian state of West Bengal. Situated on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River, it serves as the administrative headquarters of the Diamond Harbour su ...
is on Banks Peninsula.


Bays

The inland valleys of the
Port Hills The Port Hills () are a range of hills in Canterbury Region of New Zealand, so named because they lie between the city of Christchurch and its port at Lyttelton, New Zealand, Lyttelton. They are an eroded remnant of the Banks Peninsula Volcano ...
known as McCormacks Bay and
Moncks Bay Moncks Bay is a south-eastern suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. The first European owner of in Moncks Bay was George Heath, who arrived in Lyttelton in March 1851 on the ''Isabella Hercus''. He also had of land on the hills behind. Heat ...
are bays of the
Avon Heathcote Estuary The Estuary of the Heathcote and Avon Rivers / Ihutai is the largest semi-enclosed shallow estuary in Canterbury, New Zealand, Canterbury and remains one of New Zealand's most important Wetland, coastal wetlands. It is well known as an internatio ...
, rather that coastal bays of Banks Peninsula. Working around the coast from north to south one encounters:


Sumner Bay

Sumner Bay marks the coastal transition from the long sandy beach of
Pegasus Bay Pegasus Bay, earlier known as Cook's Mistake, is a bay on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, to the north of Banks Peninsula. Toponymy Pegasus Bay takes its name from the brig ''Pegasus'', a sealing ship that was sailing from H ...
and the lowlands of the
Canterbury Plains The Canterbury Plains () are an area in New Zealand centred in the Mid Canterbury, to the south of the city of Christchurch in the Canterbury region. Their northern extremes are at the foot of the Hundalee Hills in the Hurunui District, and ...
to the rocky cliffs of Banks Peninsula. While Sumner is politically and socially considered a suburb of Christchurch, the high Clifton cliffs and the post of volcanic rock on the beach, known locally as
Rapanui The Rapa Nui (Rapa Nui: , Spanish: ) are the Indigenous Polynesian peoples of Easter Island. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the descendants of the original people of Easter Island make up about 60% of the current Easter Island population ...
, or Shag Rock, mark the place where the coastal plains meet the peninsula.


Taylors Mistake

Taylors Mistake Te Onepoto / Taylors Mistake is an area in New Zealand's South Island, at the southeastern extremity of the city of Christchurch Taylors Mistake is a bay adjacent to the locality, on the north side of Awaroa / Godley Head, on the northern edge o ...
is a Christchurch swimming beach with a number of holiday houses lining the bay. Originally, it was known as Vincent's Bay as a result of a Captain John Vincent wrecking his schooner in the bay. It became known as Taylors Mistake in 1853 after another ship wreck in the bay. This time, a Captain Samuel Taylor wrecked his cutter named ''Hawk'' at night time. Taylors Mistake is known as Te One-poto in Māori.


Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō

Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is a major inlet on the northwest side of Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand; the other major inlet is Akaroa Harbour, which enters from the southern side of the peninsula. Lyttelton Har ...
is a harbour within Banks Peninsula. Within the harbour lies
Ōtamahua / Quail Island Ōtamahua / Quail Island ( or ) is an uninhabited island within Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō in the South Island of New Zealand, close to Christchurch. The island was given its European name by Captain William Mein Smith who saw New Zealand ...
and
Ripapa Island Ripapa Island (), also known earlier as Ripa Island, located just off the shore of Lyttelton Harbour, has played many roles in the history of New Zealand. A Māori fortified Pā (Māori), pā there played a key role in an internal struggle fo ...
.


Port Levy

Port Levy is the most north facing of the bays on Banks Peninsula. It has been visited by Europeans since the 1820s and known as Koukourarata in Māori.


Pigeon Bay

Pigeon Bay has a walking track which follows the eastern side of Pigeon bay out to the head of the bay. It takes about 4 or 5 hours to walk there and back. It has spectacular coastal views. There are a number of holiday homes in Pigeon bay as well as a yacht club and a camping ground. Pigeon Bay most likely gained its name from early whalers seeing the large number of pigeons (
kererū The kererū (''Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae''), also known as kūkupa (Māori language#Northern dialects, northern Māori dialects), New Zealand pigeon or wood pigeon, is a species of pigeon native to New Zealand. Johann Friedrich Gmelin describ ...
) in the forests of Pigeon Bay. The first reference to Pigeon Bay was in 1836. Captain Langlois celebrated his "purchase" of Banks Peninsula on 9 August 1840 by raising the French flag and conducting a 101 gun salute at Pigeon Bay. HMS ''Britomart'' visited Pigeon Bay towards the end of August 1840 conducting the first hydrographic survey and reinforcing British sovereignty of Banks Peninsula.


Little Akaloa

Little Akaloa is named "little" to distinguish it from Akaroa. The spelling difference reflecting earlier local Māori pronunciation of 'r' as 'l'. It was spelt Hakaroa until 1864. Feral goats have been a problem in Little Akaloa but a successful cull of them in early 2019 is helping eradication efforts on Banks Peninsula. A moonfish (150 cm long) washed up on the beach at Little Akaloa in 2013. They are more commonly found further north. Farming around Little Akaloa is a mainstay of the economy. with accommodation providers being a second. Camping at the Little Akaloa Domain is popular in summer. The beach has a boat ramp.


Okains Bay

Okains Bay Okains Bay is a settlement, beach and bay on the Banks Peninsula in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located approximately from the main town on the Banks Peninsula, Akaroa. It is 86km (90 minutes drive) from Christchurch. The sandy b ...
has a holiday camp ground and a large sandy beach.


Le Bons Bay

Le Bons Bay has a large often empty beach. There is a small settlement of holiday houses. It is surrounded by rolling hills. A river empties into the sea where New Zealand Fur Seals often frolic. First known as Bones bay in 1845, it became known as Le Bons Bay. It is suggested that this was either that a French settler named Le Bon lived there, or that early French settlers called it "The good bay" or that it is a corruption of Bones bay. John Cuff and William Cudden established a timber mill in Le Bons Bay in 1857. By 1878, the population of Le Bons Bay reached 237. At this stage, the timber had all been milled and the timber mill was moved to Hickory Bay until 1886.


Hickory Bay

Hickory Bay is known as having a beach that provides good surfing. It is east facing. It is known in Māori as Waikerikikari, the Bay of Angry Waters, and was never permanently settled by Māori. The Ellangowan Scenic Reserve walk is located just below the Summit road in Hickory Bay.


Goughs Bay

Goughs Bay was home to a pā in the 1820s with around 100 people living there. The residents were fugitives from the Kai Huānga feud. In 1830 the pā was attacked by Te Maiharanui and again in 1832 by
Te Rauparaha Te Rauparaha ( – 27 November 1849) was a Māori rangatira, warlord, and chief of the Ngāti Toa iwi. One of the most powerful military leaders of the Musket Wars, Te Rauparaha fought a war of conquest that greatly expanded Ngāti Toa south ...
’s raiding parties. Goughs Bay is most likely named after a whaler, Walter Gough, who was put ashore at the bay in 1836 after an attempted mutiny on the whaling barque ''Australian.'' He lived there in the Māori community for many years. Goughs Bay was first referenced in 1858 when Elie Bauriaud, who originally arrived on the ''Comte de Paris'', purchased land there. Goughs Bay is a surfing location with an exposed beach break that provides consistent surf throughout the year. In 2021, funding was put aside to protect and fence the upper Goughs Bay stream catchment. The aims were to exclude stock, allow native bush to regenerate and improve the water quality.
Mataī ''Prumnopitys taxifolia'', the mataī () or black pine, is an endemic New Zealand coniferous tree that grows on the North Island and South Island. It also occurs on Stewart Island / Rakiura (47 °S) but is uncommon there. It grows up to high ...
and
tōtara ''Podocarpus totara'' (), commonly known as the , is a species of Podocarpus, podocarp tree endemism, endemic to New Zealand. It grows throughout the North Island, South Island and rarely on Stewart Island, Stewart Island / Rakiura in lowland, ...
trees will be protected as well as a range of native animals. A significant rain storm in December 2021 caused damage to the access road to Goughs Bay, with a number of slips making the road impassable. Five weeks later, the road was still closed because of the 34 slips blocking the access road. A report into the Christchurch City Council response to the damage caused by the storm highlighted areas for improvement in how the Christchurch City Council responds to emergencies.


Ōtanerito Bay

Home to a Ngāti Māmoe pā (known as Parakākāriki) and an ancient Māori burial ground, Ōtanerito Bay possibly means "the place of Tane, the fertile one". Home to the Hinewai reserve since 1987. Ōtanerito Bay also formed part of the
Banks Track The Banks Track is a 31-kilometre privately owned walking track on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand. The track opened in 1989 as the first privately owned track in New Zealand. Tramping The track is ...
until 2017.


Flea Bay / Pōhatu

Pōhatu / Flea Bay has large colonies of penguins and seals living there, It is home to the Pōhatu Marine Reserve. The marine reserve is habitat for many fish species including triplefins, lumpfish, moki, butterfish, spotties, banded wrasse, blue cod, leather jackets, lobsters,
pāua Pāua is the Māori name given to four New Zealand species of large edible sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs which belong to the family Haliotidae (in which there is only one genus, ''Haliotis''). It is known in the United States and Aust ...
and rockfish.


Akaroa Harbour

Akaroa Harbour Akaroa Harbour is part of Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. The harbour enters from the southern coast of the peninsula, heading in a predominantly northerly direction. It is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula ...
is one of the two large harbours on Banks Peninsula. The other being
Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is a major inlet on the northwest side of Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand; the other major inlet is Akaroa Harbour, which enters from the southern side of the peninsula. Lyttelton Har ...
.


Peraki Bay

Peraki Bay is one of the bigger bays on the south west coast of Banks Peninsula. Multiple spellings of Peraki have existed. It was home to a whaling station in the 1830s and 1840s.


Tumbledown Bay/Te Kāio

Tumbledown Bay is considered one of the best beaches near Christchurch. Most people are put off by the drive to get there, hence it is usually very quiet. Tumbledown bay has supported a large Māori population in pre-European times. Numerous archaeological digs have uncovered artefacts including tool fragments, fish hooks, oven stones and seal,
Kurī The Kurī is an extinct breed of Polynesian Dog kept by Māori people. It was introduced to New Zealand by the Polynesian ancestors of the Māori during their migration from East Polynesia in the 13th century AD. According to Māori tradition ...
(dog), tuatara, penguin, kiwi, kererū and moa remains in the middens. Tumbledown bay, was named as a result of the actions of Billy Simpson, who working on sailing boats in the area as early as 1836. He was instructed to collect a case of alcohol from a local whaling station. On his return, he sat down in the bay and had a drink or two. On getting up he succeeded in allowing all the bottles to tumble down the hillside and break hence the naming. The earliest reference to the name of Tumbledown bay occurred in 1842. There are two small islets at the entrance of the bay named Jachin and Boaz (after the pillars to the
Temple of Solomon Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple (), was a biblical Temple in Jerusalem believed to have existed between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE. Its description is largely based on narratives in the Hebrew Bible, in which it was commis ...
). These were thought to have been named by Bishop George Selwyn. In 1911, the ''Bell Flower'' (a 98 ton schooner) was wrecked on the cliffs next to Tumbledown Bay.


Te Oka Bay


Magnet Bay

Magnet Bay is known as a spot to go surfing. It has an exposed reef and point break. These provide reasonably consistent surf all year around. The bay is known in Māori as Makara and a pa existed in the bay at one stage. Magnet Bay is named after the ''Magnet'', a 148-ton barque that was shipwrecked in the bay on 3 September 1844. It was sailing under the charge of a Captain Lewis who was travelling from
Wellington Wellington is the capital city of New Zealand. It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range. Wellington is the third-largest city in New Zealand (second largest in the North Island ...
to
Waikouaiti Waikouaiti is a small town in East Otago, New Zealand, within the city limits of Dunedin. The town is close to the coast and the mouth of the Waikouaiti River. Today, Waikouaiti is a retail trade and servicing centre for the surrounding dist ...
. One person lost their life in the shipwreck.


Peaks

Banks Peninsula includes many hills and areas of high ground. None of these are classed as mountains according to the
New Zealand Alpine Club The New Zealand Alpine Club (NZAC), is a national climbing organisation in New Zealand. It was founded 1891 and is one of the oldest alpine clubs in the world. NZAC was one of many founding members of International Climbing and Mountaineering ...
. Named peaks over 700 metres follow: Mount Herbert / Te Ahu Pātiki is the tallest point on Banks Peninsula at . Mt Bradley, the second tallest peak on Banks Peninsula at 855m was named after Reginald Robert Bradley who farmed at Charteris Bay from 1858 and also was the vicar of the Parish of
Governors Bay Governors Bay is a small town in Canterbury, New Zealand, Canterbury, New Zealand. Geography The settlement of Governors Bay is located on Banks Peninsula near the head of Lyttelton Harbour. It is connected via Governors Bay Road to Lyttelton ...
and Purau. His oldest son, Orton Bradley, took over the farm which became
Orton Bradley Park Orton Bradley Park is a forest park of some with its entrance close to the south shore of Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō in New Zealand. It is managed as a not-for-profit private enterprise with a board of governors appointed by local communit ...
after his death in 1943. Mt Sinclair at 841m was named after Captain Francis Sinclair who lived at Holmes Bay. He drowned in 1846 when sailing from Banks Peninsula to Wellington in his schooner ''Jessie Millar''. In Māori, Mt Sinclair is known as Tarawera. Saddle Hill (841m) befits its descriptive name. The French settlers named it Pitou Comete and the Māori named it Puwaitaha or Ka Mokaikai. Near the summit is a spring known as Te Wai-o-hine-puariari Mt Fitzgerald (826 metres) overlooks Holmes Bay. It is named after William Fitzgerald who arrived at Pigeon Bay in 1861 and taught at the Pigeon Bay Academy until 1869. Flag Peak (809 metres) Stony Bay Peak (806 metres) Brasenose (785 metres) View Hill (762 metres) High Bare Peak (756 metres) Lavericks (755 metres) and Lavericks Bay could have been named after several people. George Laverick was an early settler in the area. It could also have been named after Captain Laverick of the schooner ''Lookin'' which supplied provisions to Akaroa and the Peninsula in the early 1840s. A third explanation is that it was named after Charlie Laveroux, a Frenchman who ended up marooned at the bay by bad weather during a hunting trip. The Māori name for the peak is Ōtepatotu. Duvauchelle Peak (738 metres) and the town of Duvauchelle were named after the Duvauchelle brothers who arrived in 1840 at Akaroa. They ran a store in Akaroa before departing for South Pacific Islands in 1843. Mt Evans (703 metres) was named at some point between 1849 and 1850 after First Lieutenant Frederick Evans of the survey paddleship HMS ''Acheron''.


Walking tracks


Banks Track

The
Banks Track The Banks Track is a 31-kilometre privately owned walking track on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand. The track opened in 1989 as the first privately owned track in New Zealand. Tramping The track is ...
is a 31 km circular route that starts in Akaroa and visits Flea Bay, Stony Bay and Hinewai Reserve.


Te Ara Pātaka (Summit walkway)

The Te Ara Pātaka (Summit walkway) is a three day tramp that can start at multiple places. The longest routes start either at Gebbies Pass or Kaituna Valley and go to Sign of the Packhorse Hut on the first day. On the second day, trampers follow a track crossing just below Mount Bradley (855 metres) and then ascend Mount Herbert (919 metres) before descending to the Port Levy Saddle. From here it is a short walk to the second overnight stay at Rod Donald Hut. The third day takes in Mount Fitzgerald (826 metres) and Mount Sinclair (841 metres). The track then descends past a 2000 year old giant tōtara in Montgomery Park Scenic Reserve before finishing near the Hilltop tavern on state highway 75.


Le Race

The annual 100 km road cycling race from Cathedral Square in Christchurch to Akaroa traverses Banks Peninsula. The course climbs up Dyers Pass road, follows the summit road along the
Port Hills The Port Hills () are a range of hills in Canterbury Region of New Zealand, so named because they lie between the city of Christchurch and its port at Lyttelton, New Zealand, Lyttelton. They are an eroded remnant of the Banks Peninsula Volcano ...
before descending Gebbies Pass to State highway 75. It then ascends to Hilltop before turning off and following the summit road, climbing Duvauchelle peak and descending Long Bays Road into Akaroa. It has been won by three times by Mark Bailey and
Michael Vink Michael Vink (born 22 November 1991) is a New Zealand professional road cyclist, who last rode for UCI WorldTeam . In 2023, he was signed by on the strength of his results in the virtual cycling platform ‘MyWhoosh’. Vink has won the Tour ...
, twice by
Jeremy Yates Jeremy Yates (born 6 July 1982) is a former New Zealand professional racing cyclist, who last rode for the Manisaspor Continental Cycling Team. In 2004 Yates was banned for two years by the Belgian cycling federation for having an unexplained h ...
and Daniel Whitehouse.
Hayden Roulston Hayden Roulston (born 10 January 1981) is a New Zealand former professional racing cyclist. He won the silver medal in the men's 4000 m individual pursuit and a bronze medal in the men's 4000 m team pursuit at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beiji ...
(2016) and Brian Fowler (2005 ) have also won it. In the women's competition Jo Buick, Reta Trotman and Sharlotte Lucas have all won it three times.


Churches

There are a number of historic churches in the valleys and bays of Banks Peninsula. These include * St John the Evangelist Catholic church, Little River * St John the Evangelist Anglican church, Okains Bay * St John the Evangelist Anglican church, Duvauchelle * St Patrick's Catholic Church, Akaroa * St Peter's Anglican Church, Akaroa * Trinity Presbyterian Church, Akaroa * St Kentigern's Anglican Church, Kaituna Valley * Wainui Presbyterian Community Church * St Luke's Anglican Church, Little Akaloa * Knox Presbyterian Church, Pigeon Bay * St Paul's Anglican Church, Port Levy * Church of the Epiphany, Anglican church, Gebbies Valley * St Cuthbert's Anglican Church, Allandale * St Peter's Anglican Church, Teddington * St Andrew's Anglican Church, Little River * Ōnuku Anglican Church,
The Kaik ''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' ...
, Onuku Road, Akaroa * St Andrew's Anglican Church, Le Bons Bay * The Church of the Protection of the Mother of God, Le Bons Bay


Climate


References


Further reading

* * * Ogilvie Gordon (2017). Place Names of Banks Peninsula and the Port Hills, Canterbury University Press.


Notes


External links

* Banks Peninsula District census results
20011996

Map of Banks Peninsula ward, Christchurch
{{Banks Peninsula Peninsulas of New Zealand Shield volcanoes of New Zealand Miocene shield volcanoes Landforms of the Canterbury Region Polygenetic shield volcanoes Tourist attractions in Christchurch Whaling stations in New Zealand