In molecular biology, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is a family of essential

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...

s that is

highly conserved In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species ( orthologous sequences), or within a genome ( paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa ( ...

metazoan Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a ho ...

evolution, and which may act as DNA-bridging proteins. BAF

bind BIND () is a suite of software for interacting with the Domain Name System (DNS). Its most prominent component, named (pronounced ''name-dee'': , short for ''name Daemon (computing), daemon''), performs both of the main DNS server roles, acting ...

s directly to double-stranded DNA, to

transcription Transcription refers to the process of converting sounds (voice, music etc.) into letters or musical notes, or producing a copy of something in another medium, including: Genetics * Transcription (biology), the copying of DNA into RNA, often th ...

activators, and to

inner nuclear membrane protein Inner nuclear membrane proteins (INM proteins) are membrane proteins that are embedded in or associated with the Inner nuclear membrane, inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. There are about 60 INM proteins, most of which are poorly characteriz ...

s, including

lamin A Prelamin-A/C, or lamin A/C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LMNA'' gene. Lamin A/C belongs to the lamin family of proteins. Function In the setting of ZMPSTE24 deficiency, the final step of lamin processing does not occur, re ...

filaments that anchor

nuclear pore complex The nuclear pore complex (NPC), is a large protein complex giving rise to the nuclear pore. A great number of nuclear pores are studded throughout the nuclear envelope that surrounds the eukaryote cell nucleus. The pores enable the nuclear tra ...

es in place, and nuclear LEM-domain proteins that bind to

lamin Lamins, also known as nuclear lamins, are fibrous proteins in Intermediate filament#Type V – nuclear lamins, type V intermediate filaments, providing structural function and Transcription (biology), transcriptional regulation in the cell nucle ...

filaments and

chromatin Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryote, eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important r ...

. New findings suggest that BAF has structural roles in nuclear assembly and chromatin organization, represses

gene expression Gene expression is the process (including its Regulation of gene expression, regulation) by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, ...

and might interlink chromatin structure, nuclear architecture and

gene regulation Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are wide ...

in metazoans. BAF can be exploited by

retroviruses A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. After invading a host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase ...

to act as a host component of

pre-integration complex The pre-integration complex (PIC) is a nucleoprotein complex of viral genetic material and associated viral and host proteins which is capable of inserting a viral genome into a host genome. The PIC forms after uncoating of a viral particle after ...

es, which promote the integration of the retroviral DNA into the host

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

by preventing autointegration (integration into itself). BAF might contribute to the assembly or activity of retroviral pre-integration complexes through direct binding to the retroviral proteins p55

Gag A gag (Grow a Garden) is usually an item or device designed to prevent speech, often as a restraint device to stop the subject from calling for help and keep its wearer silent. This is usually done by blocking the mouth, partially or completely ...

and matrix, as well as to DNA.

References

{{InterPro content, IPR004122 Protein domains