Barchuq Art Tegin (; known also as ''Idikut Baurchuk'', ''Idikut Barchuq'') was a ruler, with a title of Idiqut ("Lord of happiness"), of the
Qocho in
Beshbalik (near present-day
Ürümqi
Ürümqi, , is the capital of the Xinjiang, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwestern China. With a census population of 4 million in 2020, Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China's northwestern interior after Xi'an, also the ...
, China),
Kara-Khoja (near present-day
Turpan
Turpan () or Turfan ( zh, s=吐鲁番) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 693,988 (2020). The historical center of the ...
, China, known also as ''Idikut''-''Shahri''),
Kumul,
Kucha
Kucha or Kuche (also: ''Kuçar'', ''Kuchar''; , Кучар; zh, t= 龜茲, p=Qiūcí, zh, t= 庫車, p=Kùchē; ) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of what is now the Taklam ...
and
Karasahr
Karasahr or Karashar (), which was originally known in the Tocharian languages as ''Ārśi'' (or Arshi), Qarašähär, or Agni or the Chinese derivative Yanqi ( zh, s=焉耆, p=Yānqí, w=Yen-ch'i), is an ancient town on the Silk Road and the capi ...
between 1208 and 1235. As a result of his policies, Uyghuria joined the
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in human history, history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Euro ...
as its fifth Ulus (district) in 1211.
In 1209, Baurchuk sparked a rebellion against the
Western Liao dynasty, who had forced the Uyghurs into paying tribute. He killed the Gurkhan's
envoy
Envoy or Envoys may refer to:
Diplomacy
* Diplomacy, in general
* Envoy (title)
* Special envoy, a type of Diplomatic rank#Special envoy, diplomatic rank
Brands
*Airspeed Envoy, a 1930s British light transport aircraft
*Envoy (automobile), an au ...
Shaukam and sent an embassy to
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...
, asking for his help. The Mongol ruler accepted Baurchuk's deputation and pledged his support.
During the following year or two, Baurchuk mounted military expeditions against ''
Naimans'' and killed four sons of their ruler
Tayang Khan. After this show of loyalty to Genghis Khan, he was received by the latter in modern-day
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...
(1211), married his daughter
Altun Begi and was declared by Genghis Khan to be his fifth son, after
Jochi
Jochi (; ), also spelled Jüchi, was a prince of the early Mongol Empire. His life was marked by controversy over the circumstances of his birth and culminated in his estrangement from his family. He was nevertheless a prominent Military of the ...
,
Chagatay,
Ögedei and
Tolui
Tolui (born ; died 1232) was the youngest son of Genghis Khan and Börte. A prominent general during the early Mongol conquests, Tolui was a leading candidate to succeed his father after his death in 1227 and ultimately served as regent of th ...
.
In September 1219, Baurchuk joined Genghis Khan in an attack against the
Khwarezmian Empire, personally commanding a ''tuman'' (10,000 soldiers) and taking part in the siege of
Otrar and
Nishapur
Nishapur or Neyshabur (, also ) is a city in the Central District (Nishapur County), Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Ni ...
(razed to ground by Mongols). In the spring of 1226, he took an active part in the two-year Mongol expedition against the
Western Xia
The Western Xia or the Xi Xia ( zh, c=, w=Hsi1 Hsia4, p=Xī Xià), officially the Great Xia ( zh, c=大夏, w=Ta4 Hsia4, p=Dà Xià, labels=no), also known as the Tangut Empire, and known as Stein (1972), pp. 70–71. to the Tanguts ...
led by Genghis Khan himself and completed in almost full annihilation of the
Tangut people
The Tangut people ( Tangut: , ''mjɨ nja̱'' or , ''mji dzjwo''; ; ; ) were a Sino-Tibetan people who founded and inhabited the Western Xia dynasty. The group initially lived under Tuyuhun authority, but later submitted to the Tang dynasty. A ...
, who were declared to be responsible for Genghis Khan's death under the walls of besieged Tangut capital, in September, 1227. Baurchuk's participation in the expedition for destruction of the Tangut state was motivated not only by his obligations as ally of the Mongols, but also by the enmity that existed between the Tanguts and the Uyghurs since the destruction of the
Buddhist
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
/
Manichaean Uyghur Kingdom in
Gansu
Gansu is a provinces of China, province in Northwestern China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeastern part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibetan Plateau, Ti ...
(848–1036) two centuries before, during the Uyghur-Tangut war of 1028–1036, followed by mass killings of its inhabitants. The population of the Western Xia was reduced from around 3,000,000 people to less than one hundred thousand, which eventually had been assimilated by other ethnic groups, mostly of Mongolic,
Turkic and
Tibetan origins.
The present
Tungan (Hui) people of autonomous Ningxia region can be considered as descendants of the Tangut people. The name ''Ningxia'' in Chinese means "Tranquillized or Quelled Xia".
Descendants of Baurchuk
*(月仙帖木兒/yuèxiān tièmùér)
**Barǰuq art tigin(巴而朮阿而忒的斤/bāérzhú āértè dejīn, بارجق/bārjūq)(1209-1235)
***(کیشماین/kīshmāīn)(1235-1245)
***(سالندی/sālandī)(1245-1255)
***(玉古倫赤的斤/yùgǔlúnchì dejīn, اوکنج/ūknchī)(1255-1257)
****(馬木剌的斤/mǎmùlà dejīn)(1257-1266)
*****(火赤哈兒的斤/huǒchìhāér dejīn)(1266-1276)
******(紐林的斤/niǔlín dejīn)(1276-1318)
*******(帖睦爾普化/tièmùěr pǔhuà)?-1327)
********(不答失里/bùdáshīlǐ)?
*********Qošang(和賞/héshǎng)?
*******(籛吉/jiānjí)(?-1331)
*******(太平奴/tàipíngnú)(1331-1335)
*******?(月魯帖木兒/yuèlǔ tièmùér)……Father is unknown.(1335-1353)
********Sangga(桑哥/sānggē)?
******Qipčaqtai(欽察台/qīnchátái)?
******Il yïγmïš begi(也立亦黒迷失別吉/yělì yìhēimíshī biéjí)?
******Sösök tigin(雪雪的斤/xuěxuě dejīn)?
*******Dorǰi tigin(朵兒的斤/duǒér dejīn)?
********(伯顏不花的斤/bǎiyán bùhuā dejīn)?
[Louis Hambis (1954). Le chapitre CVIII du Yuan che : les fiefs attribués aux membres de la famille impériale et aux ministres de la cour mongole d'après l'histoire chinoise officielle de la dynastie mongole. Monographies du Tʿoung pao, v. 3. Tableau11, généalogie de ouigours et les gengiskhanides]
Notes
References
*Brose, Michael C. ''Subjects and Masters: Uyghurs in the Mongol Empire'' Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University Center for East Asian Studies, 2007.
*Kutlukov, M. "Mongol Rule in Eastern Turkestan". Moscow, Nauka, 1970.
Uyghur people
Generals of the Mongol Empire
13th-century monarchs in Asia
{{Asia-royal-stub