Barbary sheep

The Barbary sheep (''Ammotragus lervia''), also known as aoudad (pronounced �ɑʊdæd, is a species of caprine native to rocky mountains in North Africa and parts of West Africa. While this is the only species in genus ''Ammotragus'', six subspecies have been described. Although it is rare in its native North Africa, it has been introduced to North America, southern Europe, and elsewhere. It is also known in the Berber language as ''waddan'' or ''arwi'', and in former French territories as the mouflon.

Description

Barbary sheep stand tall at the shoulder, with a length around , and weigh . They are sandy-brown, darkening with age, with a slightly lighter underbelly and a darker line along the back. Upper parts and the outer parts of the legs are a uniform reddish- or grayish-brown. Some shaggy hair is on the throat (extending down to the chest in males) with a sparse mane. Their horns have a triangular cross-section. The horns curve outward, backward, then inward, and can exceed in length. The horns are fairly smooth, with slight wrinkles evident at the base as the animal matures.

Range

Natural range

Barbary sheep are endemic to regions of Northern Africa primarily surrounding the barren center of the Sahara Desert. Countries and territories where aoudad may be found include Algeria, Chad (north), Egypt, Libya, Mali (north), Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Tunisia and Western Sahara. West of the Nile, they can be found in Sudan; east of the Nile, in the Red Sea Hills. The now-extinct Ancient Egyptian corkscrew-horned sheep (''Ovis longipes palaeoaegyptiacus'') was also thought to be a subspecies of wild barbary sheep.

Populations within its native range have been decreasing due to hunting, legal and otherwise, and destruction of habitat.

Introduced populations

Barbary sheep have been introduced to southeastern Spain and the southwestern United States.

They have become common in a limited region of southeastern Spain, since its introduction in 1970 to Sierra Espuña Regional Park as a game species. Its adaptability enabled it to colonize nearby areas quickly, and private game estates provided other centers of dispersion. The species is currently expanding, according to recent field surveys, now being found in the provinces of Alicante, Almería, Granada, and Murcia. The species is a potential competitor to native ungulates inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula, and has also been introduced to La Palma (in the Canary Islands), and has spread throughout the northern and central parts of the island, where it is a serious threat to endemic vegetation. The aoudad has also been introduced in Croatia several times, where there is a population in Mosor.

During the winter of 1957-1958, forty-two Barbary sheep were released in the Palo Duro Canyon of Texas for the purpose of attracting hunters to the region.

Although the species has not yet been recorded in Australia, it is considered a pest species in Queensland with the potential to establish in the wild.

Taxonomy

''A. lervia'' is the only species in the genus ''Ammotragus''. However, some authors include this genus in the goat genus '' Capra'', together with the sheep genus ''Ovis''.

The subspecies are found allopatrically in various parts of North Africa:
* ''A. l. lervia'' Pallas, 1777 (vulnerable)
* ''A. l. ornata'' I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 (Egyptian Barbary sheep, thought to be extinct in the wild but still found in the eastern desert of Egypt)Wacher, T., El Din, S. B., Mikhail, G., & El Din, M. B. (2002). New observations of the ‘extinct’ Barbary sheep ''Ammotragus lervia ornata'' in Egypt. ''Oryx'', 36(3), 301-304. Manlius, N., Menardi-Noguera, A. and Zboray, A. 2003. Decline of the Barbary sheep (''Ammotragus lervia'') in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations. ''Journal of Zoology'' (London) 259: 403-409.
* ''A. l. sahariensis'' Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
* ''A. l. blainei'' Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
* ''A. l. angusi'' Rothschild, 1921 (vulnerable)
* ''A. l. fassini'' Lepri, 1930 (vulnerable)

Habitats

Barbary sheep are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes, and lichens. They are able to obtain all their metabolic water from food, but if liquid water is available, they drink and wallow in it. Barbary sheep are crepuscular - active in the early morning and late afternoon and rest in the heat of the day. They are very agile and can achieve a standing jump over . They are well adapted to their habitat, which consist of steep, rocky mountains and canyons. They often flee at the first sign of danger, typically running uphill. They are extremely nomadic and travel constantly via mountain ranges. Their main predators in North Africa were the Barbary leopard, Barbary lion, and caracal, but now humans, feral dogs, competition due to overgrazing by domestic animals and drought threaten their populations.

Names

The binomial name ''Ammotragus lervia'' derives from the Greek ἄμμος ''ámmos'' ("sand", referring to the sand-coloured coat) and τράγος ''trágos'' ("goat").

''Lervia'' derives from the wild sheep of northern Africa described as "lerwee" by Rev. T. Shaw in his "Travels and Observations" about parts of Barbary and Levant.

The Spanish named this sheep the ''arruis'', from Berber ''arrwis'', and the Spanish Legion even used it as a mascot for a time.

''Aoudad'' () is the name for this sheep used by the Berbers, a North African people, and it is also called ''arui'' and ''waddan'' (in Libya).

Gallery

File:BarbarySheep1.jpg, Barbary sheep seeks handouts at a Texas wildlife park
File:BarbarySheep2.jpg, Ewe and lamb rest in the shade of a tree
File:BarbarySheep3.jpg, Lamb (closeup)
File:Barbary Sheep (animal).jpg, Barbary sheep at the Wildlife Ranch in San Antonio
File:Mähnenspringer m w.jpg, Barbary sheep at Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Germany
File:Zoo003.jpg, Ewes and a juvenile at Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, Germany
File:Barbary Sheep Tennoji.jpg, Barbary sheep at Tennōji Zoo, Japan
File:Arui02.jpg, Head of a ram
File:Aoudad skeleton.jpg, Skeleton of a Barbary sheep (Museum of Osteology)
File:Barbary Sheep.png, Captive Barbary sheep Safari West Santa Rosa, California

References

Further reading

* Cassinello, J. (1998). ''Ammotragus lervia'': a review on systematics, biology, ecology and distribution. ''Annales Zoologici Fennici'' 35: 149-162
* Cassinello, J. (2013). ''Ammotragus lervia'': 595–599. In: Mammals of Africa. Vol VI. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. JS Kingdon & M Hoffmann (Eds.) Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
* Cassinello, J. (2015). ''Ammotragus lervia'' (aoudad). In: Invasive Species Compendium
http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/94507
CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
* Wacher, T., Baha El Din, S., Mikhail, G. & Baha El Din, M. (2002). New observations of the "extinct" Aoudad ''Ammotragus lervia ornata'' in Egypt. ''Oryx'' 36: 301–304.

External links

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20051024060155/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Ammotragus_lervia.html The Ultimate Ungulate entry on Barbary Sheep
Barbary Sheep in Texas

Barbary Sheep in Sahara

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Caprids
Mammals of Africa
Mammals of North Africa
Mammals of the Middle East
Fauna of the Sahara
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of Africa
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
Mammals described in 1777
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas