Barbaridactylus

''Barbaridactylus'' is a nyctosaurid pterosaur from the Ouled Abdoun Basin of Morocco, a basin that dates back to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous. It was published in 2018 by paleontologists Nicholas R. Longrich, David M. Martill, and Brian Andres. In the same publication, two other pterosaurs from the same basin were described: '' Alcione'' and '' Simurghia''. The type and only species is ''B. grandis''.

Discovery and naming

All known specimens of ''Barbaridactylus'' were uncovered in a 3-year dig that unearthed about 200 pterosaur specimens. Its type specimen is FSAC-OB 232, which consists of its right femur, left radius, ulna, humerus, and scapulocoracoid, and partial mandible. Four other specimens have been referred to ''Barbaridactylus'', FSAC-OB 8, 9, 10, and 11. They are all humeri.

According to Longrich, Martill and Andres, ''Barbaridactylus'' is named after the Barbary Coast of North Africa, and the Greek ''dactylo'', meaning "finger". However, the proper word for "finger" in Ancient Greek is ''daktylos'' (δάκτυλος).Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.''Oxford: Clarendon Press. Its specific name, ''grandis'' means "great" in Latin.

Description

''Barbaridactylus'' was one of the larger nyctosaurids, with a humerus length of , wingspan of approximately and a body mass of , making it one of the largest nyctosaurids. Like other nyctosaurids, ''Barbaridactylus'' had upward-curving jaws. The only known cervical is also rather typical for nyctosaurids, as it is proportionately short and broad, a morphology also present in the related pteranodontids. The scapulocoracoid is fused, meaning that the animal was probably an adult. It is boomerang shaped, and the two bones (the scapula and coracoid) form a 60-degree angle. The humeral shaft is long and thin. The hatchet-shaped deltopectoral crest (a distinctive feature of nyctosaurids) is in a notably distal location in relation to the humeral head, more similar to that of '' Nyctosaurus'' than '' Alcione''. This crest is short and broad, and the expanded tip is weakly developed, which are basal features. The deltopectoral crest appears warped from an anterior view, more so than in other nyctosaurids, but much less than in pteranodontids. There is a pneumatic fossa located on the ventral surface of each humeral head that is unique to this species. The ulna is relatively gracile, unlike the robust ulna of ''Alcione'', and its ends are weakly expanded. The diameter radius is approximately two thirds that of the ulna. The femur of ''Barbaridactylus'' is relatively typical for a nyctosaurid, although it lacks the strong distal expansion present in other nyctosaurids. Instead, it expands more gently, similar to that of ''Pteranodon''.

Classification

Below is a cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic analysis first presented by Andres and colleagues in 2014, and updated with additional data by Longrich and colleagues in 2018. In this analysis, they found ''Barbaridactylus'' to be the sister taxon of the ''Nyctosaurus'' species ''N. lamegoi'', both placed within the family Nyctosauridae.

As part of a 2022 monograph on ''Quetzalcoatlus'', Brian Andres suggested that ''Barbaridactylus'' may represent an additional species of ''Nyctosaurus''.

In a 2024 phylogenetic analysis, ''Barbaridactylus'' was recovered as the sister taxon of ''Muzquiopteryx'' outside of the genus '' Nyctosaurus'', and "'' Nyctosaurus''" ''lamegoi'' was included as a species of '' Simurghia''.

Paleoecology

''Barbaridactylus'' was discovered in upper Maastrichtian phosphates located in the Ouled Abdoun Basin of Northern Morocco. This geological formation does not belong to a formation. It is divided into couches, with ''Barbaridactylus'' being discovered in Couche III. This layer dates back to the latest Maastrichtian, about 1 million years before the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous. Couche III represents the most diverse marine ecosystem known from the time.

A large variety of marine life is known from the region, including sharks and bony fish, in addition to turtles, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs. A few rare, fragmentary dinosaur fossils are known, including an abelisaur and a sauropod. Other pterosaurs in the formation were originally only represented by the azhdarchid ''Phosphatodraco mauritanicus''. However, in addition to ''Barbaridactylus'', more recent studies have revealed at least five more pterosaur species from this location, including '' Alcione'', '' Simurghia'' and ''Tethydraco''.

Notes

References

{{Portal bar, Paleontology, Morocco

Late Cretaceous pterosaurs of Africa
Fossil taxa described in 2018
Pteranodontia