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The Baraba Tatars ( Siberian Tatar: параба, бараба, барама, бараба татарлар) are a sub-group of Siberian Tatars and the indigenous people of the Ob-
Irtysh The Irtysh is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob (river), Ob and is also the longest tributary in the world. The river's source lies in the Altai Mountains, Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern p ...
interfluve. After a strenuous resistance to
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
conquest and much suffering at a later period from Kyrgyz and Oirat raids, they now live by
agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created ...
— either in separate villages or along with Russians. Some of them still speak the
Baraba dialect Baraba, Paraba or Baraba Tatar is a dialect of Siberian Tatar spoken by Baraba Tatars in Siberia. While middle aged individuals and the young generation speak Russian and Volga-Ural Tatar, the Baraba dialect is used only by the older generat ...
of Siberian Tatar. They traditionally live on the Baraba steppe.


Population

They were first mentioned as a separate ethnic group in the Russian Empire Census in 1897 and First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926. According to 1897 Census their population was 4,433. In 1926 there were 7,528 Baraba Tatars.
Ethnographers Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. It explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research that involves examining ...
estimated that their population reached 8,380 in 1971. According to the data of the Institute of Philology of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, there were 8,000 Baraba Tatars in
Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk Oblast () is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative center, administrative and economic center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of N ...
in 2012.


History

The Baraba Tatars are descended from Kipchak tribes who inhabited the region during the 12th and 13th centuries. The region was conquered by the
Mongols Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China ( Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family o ...
in the 13th century and was incorporated into the
White Horde The White Horde (, ; ), or more appropriately, the left wing of the Jochid ulus, was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1225, after the death of Jochi when his son, Orda, inherited his father's appanage by the Jaxartes. It ...
. The Baraba Tatars lived in the eastern portion of the
Khanate of Sibir The Khanate of Sibir (; ) was a Tatar state in western Siberia. It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde.Сибирское ханство // Большая советская энцикл ...
when it was established in the 15th century. The Russians subjugated the Baraba Tatars in the 18th century. During the 19th century, the
autonomy In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be ...
of the Baraba Tatars eroded away due to the influx of Russian settlers to the region and the high taxes imposed on them by the Russian state. The Russian settlers pushed out the Baraba from more fertile lands. In 1722, a rebellion arose among the Baraba after
Peter the Great Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned j ...
issued a decree that mandated all subjects must pledge allegiance to the tsar. The Russians quelled the conflict and severely punished the Baraba. In the reign of
Elizabeth of Russia Elizabeth or Elizaveta Petrovna (; ) was Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular List of Russian rulers, Russian monarchs because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, ...
, she began a campaign to forcefully convert the Tatars (including the Baraba) to Christianity; punishments included imprisonment or beating if the Tatars refused to convert. The
Dzungar Khanate The Dzungar Khanate ( Mongolian: ), also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyz ...
extracted yasaq (tribute) from their Baraba Muslim underlings. Becoming Russian subjects was a tactic by the Baraba to find an excuse not to pay yasaq to the Dzungars. Since Muslim Siberian Bukharans had legal advantages and privileges under Russia, Barabas pretended to be them.


Culture

The Baraba Tatars are
Sunni Muslims Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Musli ...
. They adopted Islam at around the latter half of the 18th century. However, the Baraba Tatars may have been exposed to Islam as early as the late 16th century and some may have been Muslim by the early 17th century. The form of Islam practiced by the Baraba is significantly influenced by shamanism and residual beliefs in nature spirits and deities. Baraba Tatars have traditionally engaged in hunting, fishing, agriculture, and
breeding Breeding is sexual reproduction that produces offspring, usually animals or plants. It can only occur between a male and a female animal or plant. Breeding may refer to: * Animal husbandry, through selected specimens such as dogs, horses, and rab ...
some cattle and horses.


Genetics

The most common
Y-DNA The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination system, in which the Y is the sex-determining chromosome because the presence of the Y ...
haplogroup A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a sing ...
among Baraba Tatars is the haplogroup Q, specifically the Q-YP4000 and Q-L330 subclades. Among northern Baraba Tatars, the most widespread is haplogroup N1b-P43. Other, less common haplogroups are R1a1-Z93 and R1b-M73.


Sources

Wixman, Ronald. ''The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook'' (Armonk: M. E. Shapre, 1984) p. 22


References


External links


Information about Baraba Tatars
{{authority control Siberian Tatars Khanate of Sibir History of Novosibirsk Oblast History of Omsk Oblast Indigenous peoples of Siberia