Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Oedipodinae of

grasshoppers Grasshoppers are a group of insects belonging to the suborder Caelifera. They are amongst what are possibly the most ancient living groups of chewing herbivorous insects, dating back to the early Triassic around 250 million years ago. Grassh ...

classified under the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Acrididae Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedi ...

. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae. Many species primarily inhabit

xeric Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (Ancient Greek 'dry') shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this habita ...

weedy fields, and some are considered to be important

locust Locusts (derived from the Latin ''locusta'', locust or lobster) are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae that have a swarming phase. These insects are usually solitary, but under certain circumstances they b ...

s: * ''

Locusta migratoria The migratory locust (''Locusta migratoria'') is the most widespread locust species, and the monotypic, only species in the genus ''Locusta''. It occurs throughout Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Because of the vast geographic a ...

'': the migratory locust * '' Chortoicetes terminifera'': the Australian plague locust * '' Locustana pardalina'' the brown locust These grasshoppers often have colorful

hindwing Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindw ...

s that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The

arolium The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: ''coxa'' (meaning hip, ...

is extremely small or absent.

Defense

When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.

Tribes and genera

The ''Orthoptera Species File'' lists the following:

Tribe Acrotylini

Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution:

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

# '' Acrotylus'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Pusana'' Uvarov, 1940

Tribe Anconiini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # '' Anconia'' Scudder, 1876

Tribe Arphiini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America Arphia xanthoptera P1130859a

# '' Arphia'' Stål, 1873 # '' Lactista'' Saussure, 1884 (synonym ''Rehnita'') # '' Leuronotina'' Hebard, 1932 # '' Tomonotus'' Saussure, 1861

Tribe Bryodemini

Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia B tuberculata-W

# ''

Andrea Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew. Origin of the name The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that re ...

'' Mishchenko, 1989 # '' Angaracris'' Bei-Bienko, 1930 # '' Bryodema'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Bryodemacris'' Benediktov, 1998 # '' Bryodemella'' Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia) # '' Compsorhipis'' Saussure, 1889 # '' Uvaroviola'' Bei-Bienko, 1930

Tribe Chortophagini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America Chortophaga viridifasciata P1390820a

# '' Chimarocephala'' Scudder, 1875 # '' Chortophaga'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Encoptolophus'' Scudder, 1875 # '' Nebulatettix'' Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012 # '' Shotwellia'' Gurney, 1940

Tribe Epacromiini

Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia Aiolopus thalassinus feeding on grass 2

# '' Aiolopus'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Demirsoyus'' Sirin & Çiplak, 2004 # '' Epacromius'' Uvarov, 1942 # '' Heteropternis'' Stål, 1873 # '' Hilethera'' Uvarov, 1923 # '' Jasomenia'' Bolívar, 1914 # ''

Paracinema Paracinema is an academic term to refer to a wide variety of film genres out of the mainstream, bearing the same relationship to 'legitimate' film as paraliterature like comic books and pulp fiction bears to literature. Definition In terms of ta ...

'' Fischer, 1853 # '' Parahilethera'' Zheng & Ren, 2007 # '' Platypygius'' Uvarov, 1942

Tribe Hippiscini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas Hippiscus ocelote P1240847a

* '' Agymnastus'' Scudder, 1897 * '' Camnula'' Stål, 1873 * '' Cratypedes'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Hadrotettix'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Heliastus'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Hippiscus'' Saussure, 1861 (monotypic) * '' Leprus'' Saussure, 1861 * '' Pardalophora'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Sticthippus'' Scudder, 1892 * ''

Xanthippus Xanthippus (; , ; 520 – 475 BC) was a wealthy Ancient Athens, Athenian politician and general during the Greco-Persian Wars. He was the son of Ariphron and father of Pericles, both prominent Athenian statesmen. A marriage to Agariste, niece ...

'' Saussure, 1884

Tribe Locustini

Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia Locusta m

;subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825 # ''

Locusta Locusta or Lucusta (died 69), was a notorious maker of poisons in the 1st-century Roman Empire, active in the final two reigns of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She supposedly took part in the assassinations of Claudius and Britannicus. She was a f ...

'' Linnaeus, 1758 (

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

) # '' Oedaleus'' Fieber, 1853 # '' Psophus'' Fieber, 1853 - monotypic '' Psophus stridulus'' ;subtribe undetermined # '' Brunnerella'' Saussure, 1888 # '' Chifanicus'' Benediktov, 2001 # '' Gastrimargus'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Grammoscapha'' Uvarov, 1942 # '' Locustana'' Uvarov, 1921 # '' Pternoscirta'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Ptetica'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873 # '' Pyrgodera'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 # '' Scintharista'' Saussure, 1884

Tribe Macherocerini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic) # '' Machaerocera'' Saussure, 1859

Tribe Oedipodini

Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia Oedipoda caerulescens 1

# '' Celes'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Mioscirtus'' Saussure, 1888 # '' Ochyracris'' Zheng, 1991 # ''

Oedipoda ''Oedipoda'' is the type genus of grasshoppers, in the subfamily Oedipodinae, mostly from the Palaearctic realm. The type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') ...

'' Latreille, 1829 # '' Oedipodacris'' Willemse, 1932

Tribe Parapleurini

Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893 (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia Stethophyma magister 01

# '' Ceracris'' Walker, 1870 # '' Ceracrisoides'' Liu, 1985 # '' Formosacris'' Willemse, 1951 # '' Mecostethus'' Fieber, 1852 # '' Parapleurodes'' Ramme, 1941 # '' Stethophyma'' Fischer, 1853 # '' Yiacris'' Zheng & Chen, 1993

Tribe Psinidiini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America * '' Derotmema'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Hippopedon'' Saussure, 1861 (synonym ''Platylactista'') * '' Mestobregma'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Metator'' McNeill, 1901 * '' Psinidia'' Stål, 1873 * '' Trachyrhachys'' Scudder, 1876 * '' Trepidulus'' McNeill, 1901

Tribe Sphingonotini

Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia Sphingonotus caerulans 0550

# '' Conipoda'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Cophotylus'' Krauss, 1902 # '' Eusphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 # '' Eusphingonotus'' Bey-Bienko, 1950 # '' Heliopteryx'' Uvarov, 1914 # '' Helioscirtus'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Hyalorrhipis'' Saussure, 1884 # ''

Microtes ''Microtes'' is a genus of North American band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are ...

'' Scudder, 1900 # '' Phaeonotus'' Popov, 1951 # '' Pseudoceles'' Bolívar, 1899 # '' Quadriverticis'' Zheng, 1999 # '' Sphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 # '' Sphingonotus'' Fieber, 1852 -

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

: '' Sphingonotus caerulans'' # '' Tetramerotropis'' Saussure, 1888 # '' Thalpomena'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Vosseleriana'' Uvarov, 1924

Tribe Trilophidiini

Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe) Trilophidia conturbata2

# '' Trilophidia'' Stål, 1873

Tribe Trimerotropini

Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas # '' Circotettix'' Scudder, 1876 # '' Conozoa'' Saussure, 1884 # '' Dissosteira'' Scudder, 1876 # '' Spharagemon'' Scudder, 1875 # ''

Trimerotropis ''Trimerotropis'' is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known ...

'' Stål, 1873

Tribe Tropidolophini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe) Tropidolophus formosus P1490430a

# '' Tropidolophus'' Thomas, 1873 - monotypic '' Tropidolophus formosus''

Genera ''
incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''

CSIRO ScienceImage 40 An Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera

* '' Angaracrisoides'' Gong & Zheng, 2003 * '' Asphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950 * '' Atympanum'' Yin, 1982 * '' Aulocaroides'' Werner, 1913 * '' Aurilobulus'' Yin, 1979 * '' Austroicetes'' Uvarov, 1925 * '' Brancsikellus'' Berg, 1899 * '' Chloebora'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Chondronotulus'' Uvarov, 1956 * '' Chortoicetes'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 * '' Crinita'' Dirsh, 1949 * '' Cyanicaudata'' Yin, 1979 * '' Diraneura'' Scudder, 1897 * '' Dittopternis'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Elmisia'' Dirsh, 1949 * '' Eokingdonella'' Yin, 1984 * '' Eremoscopus'' Bei-Bienko, 1951 * '' Eurysternacris'' Chopard, 1947 * '' Fitzgeraldia'' Uvarov, 1952 * '' Flatovertex'' Zheng, 1981 * ''

Granada Granada ( ; ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada (Spain), Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence ...

'' Koçak & Kemal, 2008 * '' Homoeopternis'' Uvarov, 1953 * ''

Humbe Humbe is a town and commune in the municipality of Ombadja, province of Cunene, Angola. It also used to be the location of a Roman Catholic mission station in southern Angola, located approx. 10 km northeast of Xangongo, in the tribal area ...

'' Bolívar, 1882 * '' Jinabia'' Uvarov, 1952 * '' Kinshaties'' Zheng, 1977 * '' Leptopternis'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Mecistopteryx'' Saussure, 1888 * '' Morphacris'' Walker, 1870 * '' Nepalacris'' Balderson & Yin, 1987 * '' Oreacris'' Bolívar, 1911 * '' Promesosternus'' Yin, 1982 * '' Pseudaiolopus'' Hollis, 1967 * '' Pycnocrania'' Uvarov, 1941 * '' Pycnodella'' Descamps, 1965 * '' Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873 * '' Pycnostictus'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Qualetta'' Sjöstedt, 1921 * '' Rashidia'' Uvarov, 1933 * '' Tibetacris'' Chen, 1964 * '' Tmetonota'' Saussure, 1884 * '' Zimbabwea'' Miller, 1949 * ''† Mioedipoda'' Stidham & Stidham, 2000 * ''† Nymphacrida'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 * ''† Oedemastopoda'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 The genus '' Cibolacris'' was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to

Gomphocerinae Gomphocerinae, sometimes called "slant-faced grasshoppers", are a subfamily of grasshoppers found on every continent but Antarctica and Australia. Tribes and genera Tribes and genera include: Arcypterini Auth.: Bolívar, 1914 - Africa, Palearc ...

. The genus '' Stethophyma'' is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the

Acridinae The grasshopper subfamily Acridinae, sometimes called silent slant-faced grasshoppers, belong of the large Family (biology), family Acrididae in the Orthoptera: Caelifera. Description In appearance, the species are often similar to those of the ...

. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies. DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ,

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q30107