''Bandeirantes'' (; ; singular: ''bandeirante'') were

settler A settler or a colonist is a person who establishes or joins a permanent presence that is separate to existing communities. The entity that a settler establishes is a Human settlement, settlement. A settler is called a pioneer if they are among ...

s in

colonial Brazil Colonial Brazil (), sometimes referred to as Portuguese America, comprises the period from 1500, with the Discovery of Brazil, arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves ...

who participated in expeditions to expand the colony's borders and subjugate

indigenous peoples There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...

during the

early modern period The early modern period is a Periodization, historical period that is defined either as part of or as immediately preceding the modern period, with divisions based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity. There i ...

. They played a major role in expanding the colony to the modern-day borders of independent

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

, beyond the boundaries demarcated by the 1494

Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian (geography) ...

. ''Bandeirantes'' expeditions also involved the capture and subjugation of indigenous peoples. Most ''bandeirantes'' were based in the region of

São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...

, which was part of the

Captaincy of São Vicente The Captaincy of São Vicente (1534–1709) was a land grant and colonial administration in the far southern part of the colonial Portuguese Empire in Colonial Brazil. History In 1534 King John III of Portugal granted the captaincy to Martim ...

from 1534 to 1709 and the

Captaincy of São Paulo The Royal Captaincy of São Paulo () was one of the captaincies of Colonial Brazil. It received this name on December 2, 1720, when John V of Portugal created the Captaincy of Minas Gerais from the division of the Captaincy of São Paulo and M ...

from 1709 to 1821. The city of

served as the home base for the most famous ''bandeirantes''. Some ''bandeirantes'' were descended from Portuguese colonists who settled in São Paulo, but most were of ''

mameluco ''Mameluco'' is a Portuguese word that denotes the first generation child of a European and an Amerindian. It corresponds to the Spanish word ''mestizo''. In the 17th and 18th centuries, ''mameluco'' was also used to refer to organized bands o ...

'' descent with both Portuguese and indigenous ancestry. This was due to

miscegenation Miscegenation ( ) is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races or ethnicities. It has occurred many times throughout history, in many places. It has occasionally been controversial or illegal. Adjectives describin ...

being the norm in colonial Brazilian society, as well as

polygamy Polygamy (from Late Greek , "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marriage, marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, it is called polygyny. When a woman is married to more tha ...

. Initially, the bandeirantes aimed to explore and expand the Portuguese colonial territory beyond the boundaries established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. They ventured into unmapped regions in search of economic opportunities, particularly the discovery of

gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ...

silver Silver is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ag () and atomic number 47. A soft, whitish-gray, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. ...

, and

diamond Diamond is a Allotropes of carbon, solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond is tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of e ...

s. Over time, as their expeditions progressed, the bandeirantes also began to capture and enslave indigenous peoples, which became a significant part of their activities. Their primary goal remained the expansion of territory and the search for resources, which played a major role in shaping the modern borders of Brazil. The bandeirantes spoke a mixture of Portuguese and the Paulista General Language, which influenced the toponyms and place names in the interior of the colony. As they ventured into unmapped regions in search of profit and adventure, the ''bandeirantes'' expanded the effective borders of the colony. ''Bandeirantes'' spoke a mixture of

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

and the

Paulista General Language The Paulista General Language, also called Southern General Language and Austral Tupi, was a lingua franca and creole language formed in the 16th century, in the Captaincy of São Vicente. Today it is only of historical interest, as it has been ...

, which was the main source of

toponyms Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. ''Toponym'' is the general term for a proper nam ...

in the Brazilian interior.Darcy Ribeiro (2003). O Povo Brasileiro. .l. Companhia de Bolso. pp. 435–

Name

The term comes from Portuguese ''bandeira'' or flag, and by extension, a group of soldiers, a detached military unit or a raiding party. In medieval Portugal a ''bandeira'' was a military unit of 36 soldiers. The words were not used by the ''bandeirantes'' themselves. They used words like entry (entrada), journey, voyage, company, discovery and rarely, fleet or war. One writer dates ''bandeira'' from 1635 and ''bandeirante'' from 1740.

Background

With the treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 the South American continent was divided between

Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire was a colonial empire that existed between 1415 and 1999. In conjunction with the Spanish Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It achieved a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa ...

and the

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy (political entity), Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered ...

along a

meridian Meridian or a meridian line (from Latin ''meridies'' via Old French ''meridiane'', meaning “midday”) may refer to Science * Meridian (astronomy), imaginary circle in a plane perpendicular to the planes of the celestial equator and horizon * ...

370 leagues west of the

Cape Verde Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country and archipelagic state of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about . These islands ...

islands. Many Bandeirantes were

Mulatto ( , ) is a Race (human categorization), racial classification that refers to people of mixed Sub-Saharan African, African and Ethnic groups in Europe, European ancestry only. When speaking or writing about a singular woman in English, the ...

s and came from the Portuguese settlement in São Paulo who were sent out to chart and explore the interior of the country. By exploring the interior of the country, Portugal was able to claim land that exceeded the line drawn by the

treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian (geography) ...

in 1494 and began to encompass what is today the country of Brazil. Bandeirantes usually numbered anywhere from 50 to several thousand and were sponsored by the wealthy elites. Many of these expeditions into the interior of Brazil set up trading posts and built roads that connected the settlements together.

Paulistas

Before there were ''bandeirantes'' there were

Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil, and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente, whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente, Brazil, São Vicente to the one of São Pa ...

. Brazil was originally a coastal strip between mountains and sea dominated by slave-worked sugar plantations. When the Portuguese crossed the mountains to the São Paulo plateau they were cut off from the sea and faced a great wilderness to the north and west where they might find their fortunes or die trying. The coastal Portuguese used African slaves while the Paulistas used Indian slaves or workers and many were part-Indian themselves.

Identity

Although the bandeirantes themselves were a product of diverse cultural backgrounds.

Darcy Ribeiro Darcy Ribeiro (October 26, 1922 – February 17, 1997) was a Brazilian anthropologist, historian, sociologist, author and politician. His ideas have influenced several scholars of Brazilian and Latin American studies. As Minister of Educati ...

, Brazilian anthropologist, historian, sociologist, author and politician, states that the bandeirantes were racially mixed, with interbreeding with indigenous people being common, even among the elite. The families of São Paulo were patrician and polygamous, but Catholic marriage only became consolidated later. The largest flag, by Manuel Preto (a São Paulo bandeirante, born in the second half of the 16th century and died in São Paulo in 1630.) and

Antônio Raposo Tavares Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language–speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular m ...

, in 1629, had 69 whites, 900 mamelucos and 2 thousand indigenous people. These individuals were often the descendants of indigenous women and Portuguese settlers. Contrary to some portrayals, many bandeirantes were of indigenous, mestiço, or lower-class Portuguese origin. In fact, as noted by historical sources, "Most of the bandeirantes were indigenous people and other poor people from the colony, many women were bandeirantes." – These bandeirantes were often marginalized or disenfranchised people who found opportunity through these expeditions, which were both a means of survival and a path to personal achievement.

Slavery

The main focus of the ''bandeirantes missions was to capture and enslave native populations. They carried this out by a number of tactics. The bandeirantes usually relied on surprise attacks, simply raiding villages or collections of natives, killing any who resisted, and kidnapping the survivors. Trickery could also be used; one common tactic was disguising themselves as Jesuits, often singing Mass to lure the natives out of their settlements. At the time, the Jesuits had a deserved reputation as the only colonial force that treated the natives somewhat fairly in the

Jesuit reduction Reductions (, also called ; ) were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America, such reductions were also c ...

s of the region. If luring the natives with promises did not work, the ''bandeirantes'' would surround the settlements and set them alight, forcing inhabitants out into the open. At a time when imported African slaves were comparatively expensive, the ''bandeirantes'' were able to sell large numbers of native slaves at a huge profit due to their relatively inexpensive price. Bandeirantes also teamed up with a local tribe, convincing them that they were on their side against another tribe, and when both sides were weakened the Bandeirantes would capture both tribes and sell them into slavery. By the 17th century, Jesuit missions had become a favorite target of the expeditions. A ''bandeira'' that took place in 1628 and was organized by

raided 21 Jesuit villages in the upper Paraná Valley, ultimately capturing about 2,500 natives. A ''bandeira'' tactic was to set native tribes against each other in order to weaken them, and then to enslave both sides. In 1636, Tavares led a bandeira, composed of 2,000 allied Indians, 900

s, and 69 white ''Paulistas'', to find precious metals and stones and to capture Indians for slavery. This expedition alone was responsible for the destruction of most of the Jesuit missions of Spanish Guayrá and the enslavement of over 60,000 indigenous people. Between 1648 and 1652, Tavares led one of the longest known expeditions from

to the mouth of the Amazon river, investigating many of its tributaries, including the Rio Negro, ultimately covering a distance of more than 10,000 kilometers. The expedition traveled to

Andean The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long and wide (widest between 18°S ...

Quito Quito (; ), officially San Francisco de Quito, is the capital city, capital and second-largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its metropolitan area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha Province, P ...

, part of the

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...

Viceroyalty of Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru (), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru (), was a Monarchy of Spain, Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in ...

, and remained there for a short time in 1651. Of the 1,200 men who left São Paulo, only 60 reached their final destination in

Belém Belém (; Portuguese for Bethlehem; initially called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará, in English Our Lady of Bethlehem of Great Pará), often called Belém of Pará, is the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the north of B ...

Relations with Jesuits

The Bandeirantes and the Jesuits did not agree on the treatment of the native people. The Jesuits wanted to convert the native population to Christianity, while the Bandeirantes wanted to sell the native population into slavery. Jesuit leader father

Antonio Ruiz de Montoya Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, SJ (13 June 1585 – 11 April 1652) was a Jesuit priest and missionary in the Paraguayan Reductions. Life Montoya was born in Lima, Peru, on 13 June 1585. He entered the Society of Jesus on 1 November 1606. In the same ...

attempted to lead 12,000 natives to safety into Argentina in an attempt to save them from Bandeirantes. With the death of Diego Alfaro by the hands of Bandeirantes a conflict was sure to come between the two groups and it all came to head when Jerónimo Pedroso de Barros and Manuel Pires attacked a Jesuit camp. The Jesuits led by father Pedro Romero had a force of around 4,200, against a Bandeirantes force of about 3,500. Romero repelled the assault and won the day. With the

Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750) The Treaty of Madrid (also known as the Treaty of Limits of the Conquests) was an agreement concluded between Spain and Portugal on 13 January 1750. In an effort to end decades of conflict in the region of present-day Uruguay, the treaty establ ...

Spain and Portugal agreed to dismantle the Jesuit missions called the

Misiones Orientales The Misiones Orientales () (or Siete Pueblos de las Misiones (, Sete Povos das Missões (, ) was a region in South America where a group of seven indigenous villages were founded by Spanish Jesuits in present-day Rio Grande do Sul, the souther ...

. The Jesuits fought back against this order and lead to the

Guaraní War The Guaraní War (, ; literally, Guaranitic War) of 1756, also called the War of the Seven Reductions, took place between the Guaraní people, Guaraní tribes of seven Jesuit missions among the Guaraní, Jesuit Missions and joint Spanish-Portugue ...

which saw the Spanish and Portuguese fight against the native Guarani population. Despite early failures due to guerrilla tactics, the Spanish and Portuguese attacked.

José Joaquín de Viana José Joaquín de Viana (1718–1773) was a Spanish military and political figure, Governor of Montevideo between 1751 and 1764 and 1771 and 1773. Biography Of Navarrese origin, Viana started his military career in 1735 and fought in Italy durin ...

defeated Guarani leader

Sepé Tiaraju Sepé Tiaraju ( – 7 February 1756) was a Guaraní leader in the Jesuit reduction mission of São Luiz Gonzaga. Advocacy and death Sepé Tiaraju led the fight against the Portuguese and Spanish colonial powers in the ''Guerras Guaraníticas ...

and destroyed the Jesuit mission camps. The battle ended the war. Portugal expelled the Jesuits from the country in 1759, ending the relations between the Jesuits and the Bandeirantes.

Fernão Dias Pais Lemme

The bandeirante

Fernão Dias Fernão Dias Pais Leme (1608–1681) was a Paulista bandeirante. He was known as the Emerald Hunter () and was one of the most prominent bandeirantes together with António Raposo Tavares. He is the great-great-grandfather of the Saint Frei ...

was born in São Paulo in 1608 to a well-off family and spent much of his early life as a farmer in Pinheiros before becoming an income inspector in 1626. He was later called "The Emerald Hunter". In 1638, he joined Antônio Raposo Tavares on his expedition to the present states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. In 1644, Dias left on his own expedition. In an expedition in 1661, in an attempt to find more natives to enslave, Dias explored south of the Anumarana mountain range into the Kingdom of Guaianás. Dias returned in 1665 with 4,000 slaves from three different tribes. During Dias's 1671 expedition he received his nickname, after he found emeralds in Sabarabuçu. In 1681, Dias died of disease while on an expedition in which he found

Tourmaline Tourmaline ( ) is a crystalline silicate mineral, silicate mineral group in which boron is chemical compound, compounded with chemical element, elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. This gemstone comes in a ...

Gold hunting

In addition to capturing natives as slaves, ''bandeiras'' helped to extend the power of Portugal by expanding its control over the Brazilian interior. Along with the exploration and settlement of this territory the ''bandeiras'' discovered mineral wealth for the Portuguese, which they had been previously unable to profit from. In the 1660s, the Portuguese government offered rewards to those who discovered gold and silver deposits in inner Brazil. The ''bandeirantes'', driven by profit, ventured into the depths of Brazil to enslave natives and find mines and receive government rewards. As the number of natives diminished, the ''bandeirantes'' began to focus more intensely on finding minerals. These exploration by the Bandeirantes set in motion the

Brazilian Gold Rush The Brazilian gold rush was a gold rush that started in the 1690s, in the then Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Portuguese Empire. The gold rush opened up the major gold-producing area of Ouro Preto ( Portuguese for ''black gold''), then know ...

of the 1690s. The gold rush was one of the largest in the world and produced the largest gold mines in South America. Bandeirantes discovered gold in the mountains of

Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in ...

. This caused many people from the north of Brazil to go south in hopes of finding gold.

Expansion of the bandeirantes to the south

The bandeirantes expanded towards the South both due to the progressive occupation of the territory and due to wars, fights or battles.

Legacy

The ''bandeirantes'' were responsible for the discovery of mineral wealth, and, along with the missionaries, for the territorial enlargement of central and southern Brazil. This mineral wealth made

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

wealthy during the 18th century. As a result of the ''bandeiras'', the

became the basis of the

Viceroyalty of Brazil The Viceroyalty of Brazil refers, in narrow scope, to office of viceroy of the Portuguese colonial State of Brazil and, in broad scope, to the whole State of Brazil during the historic period when its governors had the title of "viceroy". The te ...

, which encompassed the current states of Santa Catarina,

Paraná Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to: Geology * Paraná Basin, a sedimentary basin in South America Places In Argentina *Paraná, Entre Ríos, a city * Paraná Department, a part of Entre Ríos Province In Brazil *Paraná (state), a state ...

Goiás Goiás () is a Brazilian States of Brazil, state located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. Goiás borders the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Ge ...

, part of

Tocantins Tocantins () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is the newest state, formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás. Tocantins covers and had an estimated population of 1,496,880 in 2014 ...

, and both Northern and Southern

Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – ) is one of the states of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, third largest by area, located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible ...

. The ''bandeirantes'' were also responsible for unsteady relations between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire, as they essentially conducted an undeclared war on indigenous residents allied with Spain or the Jesuits. With only a few outlying Spanish settlements surviving and the majority of Jesuit missions overrun, the de facto control by Portugal over most of what is now the

Southeast The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, Radius, radially arrayed compass directions (or Azimuth#In navigation, azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A ''compass rose'' is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, ...

, Southern, and Central West territory of Brazil was recognized by the Treaties of

Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...

in 1750 and

San Ildefonso San Ildefonso (), La Granja (), or La Granja de San Ildefonso, is a town and municipality in the Province of Segovia, in the Castile and León autonomous region of central Spain. It is located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama moun ...

in 1777. Portugal expelled the Jesuits in 1759, further reducing the ability of the Jesuits to fight back.

20th and 21st centuries

Bandeirantes were an important part of the 1920s independence movement as they became a symbol of Brazilian pride. A large part of this movement was to show the bandeirantes as pure Brazilian and that they represented bravery and their sense of achievement. At this time many poems, paintings, movies, and books were made about bandeirantes. Many statues were raised at this time, including the São Paulo's Monumento às bandeiras. In the 21st century, there have been calls to stop celebrating the bandeirantes. Guards have been deployed in Brazil to protect the statues of bandeirantes from vandalism. The statues have been criticized for celebrating the bandeirantes for their practice of enslaving the native population. This new wave is trying to confront Brazil's controversial past and their practice of glorifying slave traders. Calls to take down statues were again intensified with Britain's removal of a statue of

Edward Colston Edward Colston (2 November 1636 – 11 October 1721) was an English merchant, Atlantic slave trade, slave trader, philanthropy, philanthropist and Tories (British political party), Tory Member of Parliament. Colston followed his father in th ...

on June 7, 2020. On July 24, 2021, protesters, in response to Brazilians president

Jair Bolsonaro Jair Messias Bolsonaro (; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and former military officer who served as the 38th president of Brazil from 2019 to 2023. He previously served as a member of Brazil's Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Chamb ...

's nationalist rhetoric, set fire to a statue of Borba Gato in São Paulo. The call for statue removal is not limited to Brazil—other countries in South America have also called for the removal of statues that depict slavery in a positive light.

Notable ''bandeirantes''

Domingos Jorge Velho Domingos Jorge Velho (c. 1641–1705) was a Portuguese bandeirante. He was born in Santana de Parnaíba, captaincy of São Paulo, to Francisco Jorge Velho and Francisca Gonçalves de Camargo. He was responsible for the repression of severa ...

*Antônio Rodrigues de Arzão *Antônio Alvarenga *

António Raposo Tavares António Raposo Tavares (1598–1658), known as the Elder (), was a Portuguese ''bandeirante'' who explored mainland eastern South America and claimed it for Portugal, extending the territory of the colony beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty ...

Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, also known as Anhanguera (a transliteration from the Tupi language, Tupi word for "old devil" (1672 – 19 September 1740)) was a Bandeirantes, bandeirante from the state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo. At 12 years ...

(the ''Anhanguera'') * Manuel de Borba Gato *Brás Leme *

Fernão Dias Pais Fernão is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 1,727 (2020 est.) in an area of 101 km2. The elevation is 558 m. Media In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1 ...

("the Emerald hunter") *Gabriel de Lara Another list of well-known bandeirantes includes *Antônio Dias de Oliveira *Domingos Rodrigues do Prado * Salvador Furtado Fernandes de Mendonça * Estêvão Ribeiro Baião Parente * Brás Rodrigues de Arzão * Manuel de Campos Bicudo * Francisco Dias de Siqueira (the ''Apuçá'') * Pascoal Moreira Cabral * Antônio Pires de Campos * Francisco Pedroso Xavier * Lourenço Castanho Taques * Tomé Portes del-Rei * Antonio Garcia da Cunha * Matias Cardoso de Almeida * Salvador Faria de Albernaz * José de Camargo Pimentel * João Leite da Silva Ortiz * João de Siqueira Afonso * Jerônimo Pedroso de Barros and * Bartolomeu Bueno de Siqueira.

Notes

Bibliography

* Leme, Luís Gonzaga da Silva, "

Genealogia Paulistana ''Genealogia Paulistana'' is a São Paulo historical-genealogical work written by Luís Gonzaga da Silva Leme, published in nine volumes between 1903 and 1905. It is perhaps the largest Brazilian genealogical compilation, with more than two thousan ...

" (1903–1905) * Leme, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes, "Nobiliarquia Paulistana Histórica e Genealógica", Ed. São Paulo University (1980, São Paulo). * Taunay, Afonso de E., "Relatos Sertanistas", Ed. São Paulo University (1981, São Paulo) * * Taunay, Afonso de E., "História das Bandeiras Paulistas", Ed. Melhoramentos (São Paulo) * Franco, Francisco de Assis Carvalho, "Dicionário de Bandeirantes e Sertanistas do Brasil", Ed. São Paulo University, São Paulo, Ed Itatiaia, Belo Horizonte (1989) * Deus, Frei Gaspar da Madre de, "História da Capitania de São Vicente", Ed. São Paulo University (1975, São Paulo) *Crow, John A., "The Epic of Latin America", (London, 1992) *Hemming, John, "Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians, 1500–1760 (London, 1978)

External links

General History of the Paulista Bandeiras, by Afonso Taunay

Memoirs to the history of the captaincy of São Vicente, autor Frei Gaspar da Madre de Deus

Integral edition of the book 'Paulistana nobility – Genealogy of the main families from São Paulo, in Portuguese, by Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes LemePaulistana Genealogy, Silva Leme''History of the Captaincy of São Vicente, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme''Projeto Compartilhar, a database of documents related to the families of the settlers of São Paulo, then captaincy of São Vicente
{{Authority control Colonial Brazil Portuguese explorers of South America Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese slave traders History of São Paulo (state) Slavery in Brazil 1740s neologisms Brazilian slave trade