The scholarly study of the

Baháʼí Faith The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. Established by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, it initially developed in Iran and parts of the ...

, its

teachings A school of thought, or intellectual tradition, is the perspective of a group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief, social movement, economics, cultural movement, or art movement ...

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...

and

literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to inclu ...

is currently conducted in a variety of venues, including institutes of the Baháʼí administration as well as non-affiliated universities. Some scholars study some aspect of the Baháʼí Faith as part of research on related matters while others engage in Baháʼí studies as a primary focus of their research. Scholars' comments on the religion and its predecessor

Bábism Bábism (a.k.a. the Bábí Faith; fa, بابیه, translit=Babiyye) is a religion founded in 1844 by the Báb (b. ʻAli Muhammad), an Iranian merchant turned prophet who taught that there is one incomprehensible God who manifests his will in ...

date back to the at least 1845, the year after its founding. Initially, they were often Orientalists or

Christian missionaries A Christian mission is an organized effort for the propagation of the Christian faith. Missions involve sending individuals and groups across boundaries, most commonly geographical boundaries, to carry on evangelism or other activities, such a ...

but through time both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼí researchers have addressed the religion especially in tune with the growth of the religion, which has been called significant.

Organizations

* Association for Baháʼí Studies - founded in 1975, the ABS operates under the supervision of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Canada. * Baháʼí Library Online − a private, independent, all-volunteer project created by Jonah Winters and a team of contributors. * Baháʼí Reference Library − an agency of the

Baháʼí International Community The Baháʼí International Community, or the BIC, is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) representing the members of the Baháʼí Faith; it was first chartered in March 1948 with the United Nations, and currently has affiliate ...

, hosts authorized writings of the religion. * H-Bahai - part of H-Net, an international interdisciplinary organization of scholars, H-Bahai is a website making available a wealth of difficult-to-obtain primary sources on the religion. * Irfan Colloquium * Landegg International University - a now defunct university that operated from 1992 to 2003 under the aegis of the Baháʼí community of Switzerland * Unity Museum is a boutique tax-exempt non-profit member of the Washington Museum Association and

American Alliance of Museums American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, p ...

, separate from the formal organizational structure of the Baháʼí Faith, with its own board of directors, in Seattle, Washington, located near the

University of Washington The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seat ...

. * Wilmette Institute - founded in 1995 as an educational endeavor of the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, the Wilmette Institute provides on-line and on-site summer residential sessions. * Mediathèque Francophon

Journals

*''Baháʼí Studies Bulletin'', published 1982–1993,

Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne ( RP: , ), or simply Newcastle, is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. The city is located on the River Tyne's northern bank and forms the largest part of the Tyneside built-up area. Newcastle is a ...

. **Somewhat informal, yet prepared with full scholarly standards, the ''Baháʼí Studies Bulletin'' was edited, photocopied and distributed by Stephen Lambden, Professor of Religious Studies at

University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle University (legally the University of Newcastle upon Tyne) is a UK public research university based in Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England. It has overseas campuses in Singapore and Malaysia. The university is a red brick unive ...

(said university not itself affiliated with the Bulletin). Contributors were university professors and other scholars, and the early years saw ''Bulletins'' that were a mixture of handwritten and typed articles (of varying layouts). Many of the contributors later appeared in the later, "more polished" journals listed here. *''Baháʼí Studies'' (a French-English bilingual publication, full name on the journal's cover is ''Études Baháʼí Studies'') ** published 19?? to 1987, in

Ottawa Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core ...

, by the Canadian Association for Studies on the Baháʼí Faith **the Canadian association, and its journal, changed names in 1988 - see next bullet... *''The Journal of Baháʼí Studies'' (a French-English-Spanish trilingual publication) ** published since 1988, in

, by the Association for Baháʼí Studies (North America), an agency of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Canada. * ''Baháʼí Journal of the Baháʼí Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' or ''Baháʼí Journal UK'' some issues of which were digitized and is preserved online. Then the periodical was redone and called the UK Baha'i Journal. * '' Bahá’í Studies Review'' * H-Bahai Digital Publications Series − published by H-Bahai, consisting of ''Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies''; ''Research Notes in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies; Documents on the Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Movements''; and ''Translations of Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Primary Texts'' * Irfan Colloquia, consisting of ''Safini-yi 'Irfán'': Papers Presented at the ʻIrfán Colloquia (in Persian); ''Lights of ʻIrfán'': Papers Presented at the ʻIrfán Colloquia and Seminars (in English), and ''Beiträge des 'Irfán-Kolloquiums'': 'Irfán-Studien zum Baháʼí-Schrifttum (in German) * ''UK Baha'i Review'', various issues of which were digitized and is preserved online * ''World Order Magazine'' (published 1935–1949 and 1966–2002)

Academic chairs

* Baha'i Chair for Studies in Development - at

Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Devi Ahilya University (informally abbreviated DAVV), formerly Indore University, is a State University. It was named after 'Ahilya Bai Holkar', the 18th century Queen and ruler of Indore, which was part of the Hindu Maratha Empire. Its jurisd ...

in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. * Baha'i Chair for World Peace - at the

University of Maryland, College Park The University of Maryland, College Park (University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public land-grant research university in College Park, Maryland. Founded in 1856, UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of ...

in College Park, Maryland, United States of America. * Chair in Baháʼí Studies - at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem, Israel. * Lecture Series in Baha'i Studies,

Meir & Miriam Ezri Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies Meir ( he, מֵאִיר) is a Jewish male given name and an occasional surname. It means "one who shines". It is often Germanized as Maier, Mayer, Mayr, Meier, Meyer, Meijer, Italianized as Miagro, or Anglicized as Mayer, Meyer, or Myer. Alf ...

University of Haifa The University of Haifa ( he, אוניברסיטת חיפה Arabic: جامعة حيفا) is a university located on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel. Founded in 1963, the University of Haifa received full academic accreditation in 1972, becoming I ...

Archives and collections

Baháʼí archives/collections

A number of collections of Baháʼí related materials are preserved around the world. Some are maintained at universities; the Baháʼí World Center, especially at the Centre for the Study of the Sacred Texts, the International Archives, and International Baháʼí Library, most National Baháʼí Assemblies and many local Baháʼí assemblies or institutions maintain their own archives.

Academic

* Ghassem Ghani Collection, at Yale University, 1800–1900, 3.5 linear feet (1 box, 2 folios) in Persian. * Jamshed & Parvati Fozdar Collection at the National Library of Singapore. * Baron Victor Rosen's collection in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg branch. * Badiʼu'lláh and Muhammad Ali Bahaʼi Papers, 1901–1944, Burke Library Archives, Columbia University Libraries, Union Theological Seminary, New York * Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahāʼī Studies by Stephen Lambden, University of California, Merced.

Baháʼí sponsored

* US National Bahai Archives, for Louhelen Baháʼí School Library, and the National Baha'i Library, US * Eliot Baha'i Archives associated with Green Acre Baháʼí School * Los Angeles Baha'i Archives on Facebook, and YouTube. * Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Washington, D.C. Archives * Afnan Library, collection is the books, manuscripts and papers left by the late

Hasan Balyuzi Hasan M. Balyuzi (7 September 1908 – 12 February 1980) was a prominent Iranian member of the Baháʼí Faith.Sandy Sandy may refer to: People and fictional characters *Sandy (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters * Sandy (surname), a list of people *Sandy (singer), Brazilian singer and actress Sandy Leah Lima (born 1983) * (Sandy) ...

near

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge beca ...

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

Publishing

A number of venues exist for publishing materials related to the Baháʼí Faith. Many national assemblies have their own publishing trust and there are a few publishing houses that run more or less independently. Among them are: * BahaiBookStore.com the Baháʼí Distribution Service acting as an agency of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States * BahaiBooksUK is the publishing trust of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United Kingdom. * BahaiBooks is the publishing trust of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Australia, founded in 1976. * Baha'i Publishing Trust of India. * Oneworld Publications founded in 1986 in the UK has published Baha'i books. * Kalimát Press is a small, privately owned Baha'is publishing company. * ''Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project'' was also established by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States for invited scholars to contribute scholarly articles.

Scholarship

Starting with the antecedent Bábísm religion, as viewed by Baháʼís, scholarship on the religion began in its earliest days. While there were previous Iran or near-Iranian sources of scholarship of the religion in early periods, wide-ranging publications covering mostly western literature include Moojan Momens' 1981 ''The Babi and Baha'i Religions, 1844–1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts'', William Collins' 1992 ''Bibliography of English-language works on the Bábí and Baháʼí faiths, 1844–1985'', and MacEoin's annotated bibliography borrowing heavily from Collins' work. There is also the ''Resource Guide for the Scholarly Study of the Baháʼí Faith'' by Robert Stockman and Jonah Winters published in 1997, focusing more on later works. Mostly these works explicitly ignored newspaper accounts.

19th century

A wide variety of accounts, encounters and investigations began to circulate outside of Persia as events began to unfold from the Spring of 1844 with the

Declaration of the Báb Declaration may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''Declaration'' (book), a self-published electronic pamphlet by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri * ''The Declaration'' (novel), a 2008 children's novel by Gemma Malley Music ...

. Initially viewed as an Iranian development and often through Christian missionary perspectives, the

growth of religion Growth of religion involves the spread of individual religions and the increase in the numbers of religious adherents around the world. In sociology, desecularization is the proliferation or growth of religion, most commonly after a period of prev ...

would soon far transcend that limited perspective. * Diplomatic reports on Bábí activities begins January 8, 1845 concerning the fate of Mullá ʿAli-e Bastāmi. These were exchanges between

Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, KLS (5 April 1810 – 5 March 1895) was a British East India Company army officer, politician and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology. His son, also Henry, was to be ...

who wrote first to

Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, (4 November 1786 – 14 August 1880) was a British diplomat who became best known as the longtime British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. A cousin of George Canning, he served as Envoy ...

. * Newspaper accounts in the West began November 1, 1845, in

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' ...

of London. Followed November 15 by the

Literary Gazette ''The Literary Gazette'' was a British literary magazine, established in London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 millio ...

which was subsequently echoed widely. This earliest coverage does not mention the Báb - instead it covers an episode related in The Dawn-Breakers, as first noted in a book by

Hasan M. Balyuzi Hasan M. Balyuzi (7 September 1908 – 12 February 1980) was a prominent Iranian member of the Baháʼí Faith."Persia": An Early Mention of the Báb
by Robert Cadwalader, World Order vol Winter 1976–77, pp. 30-34 Subsequent newspaper accounts occurred across Europe. * A number of articles were printed in 1848–9 in '' Journal de Constantinople'' in French near the time

Battle of Fort Tabarsi Shaykh Ṭabarsí, or more correctly the Shrine of Shaykh Tabarsí, was the location of a battle between the forces of the Shah of Persia and the Bábís over a period of seven months: October 10, 1848 to May 10, 1849. The commanding prince in ...

. Before that in June 1848 a letter from May 1 was summarized. A series in March 1849 followed, and another appeared separately in April in the ''

Revue de l'Orient A revue is a type of multi-act popular theatrical entertainment that combines music, dance, and sketches. The revue has its roots in 19th century popular entertainment and melodrama but grew into a substantial cultural presence of its own du ...

''. Momen believes this article in ''Revue de l'Orient'' to be from Dr. Ernest Cloquet. These accounts name the Báb. Accounts followed in English and French. * 1850 Newspaper accounts mention the Báb having a "holy book", and was followed through the Fall of 1850, and as far as Australia and New Zealand late in the year. * The first paper on the religion was as a letter dated February 10, 1851 by Dr. Rev. Austin H. Wright to the

American Oriental Society The American Oriental Society was chartered under the laws of Massachusetts on September 7, 1842. It is one of the oldest learned societies in America, and is the oldest devoted to a particular field of scholarship. The Society encourages basi ...

, then holding its meetings in

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the capital city, state capital and List of municipalities in Massachusetts, most populous city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financ ...

and published by the society June 14, 1851, It was also published in a Vermont newspaper June 26, 1851, and in a German newspaper in 1851 translated by his superior, Rev. Justin Perkins. It was also published in a South Carolinian newspaper in June 1865 on the front page. * In 1852 there was a clumsy fringe attempted assassination of

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ( fa, ناصرالدین‌شاه قاجار; 16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Male ...

. Various aspects of the events that unfolded were reported in newspapers in the West over a period of time and referred to back in time occasionally. Mention occurs in a hard to find very early Persian newspaper, while Western papers begin October 1852. The French ''Journal des débats politiques et littéraires'', 30 October 1852, citing the ''Journal de Constantinople'' of 14 Oct had a story mentioning the event.Des Nouvelles de Perse
''Journal des débats politiques et littéraires'', 30 October 1852, page 1, 3rd column, halfway down This French entry in late October mentions some 400 Bábís being executed. By December coverage is talking about 20,000 or 30,000 being executed. Comparisons with Emperor

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 unt ...

and the

Great Fire of Rome The Great Fire of Rome ( la, incendium magnum Romae) occurred in July AD 64. The fire began in the merchant shops around Rome's chariot stadium, Circus Maximus, on the night of 19 July. After six days, the fire was brought under control, but before ...

were made decades later. * A number of articles report Bábís west of Iran, in "Syria", in June 1853. *

Henry Aaron Stern Henry Aaron Stern ( Unterreichenbach, near Gelnhausen, 11 April 1820 – Hackney, 13 May 1885) was an Anglican missionary and captive in Abyssinia. He was the youngest son of Aaron Stern, a Jew, and his wife Hannah, was born in the Duchy of Hess ...

(1820–1885) wrote a book that mentions "Baba, the Persian socialist" for a couple pages in 1854. * ''Glimpses of Life and Manners in Modern Persia'' was published in London in 1856 by Mary Sheil and

Sir Justin Sheil Major-General Sir Justin Sheil (2 December 1803 – 18 April 1871) was an Irish army officer and diplomat, the British envoy in Persia from 1844 to 1854. Life The son of Edward Sheil and Catherine McCarthy, and brother of Richard Lalor Sheil, ...

and on pp. 176–81, 273-82 made mention of events in 1849–1852. * :De:Julius Heinrich Petermann was in Baghdad 1854–5 and was a professor of oriental literature in Berlin. In 1861 his work ''Reisen im Orient'' published an article "Achtzehntes Kapital/Aufenthalt in Bagdad" - which mentions Bábís briefly in one paragraph. * In 1865 the Dr.

Jakob Eduard Polak Jakob Eduard Polak (12 November 1818 – 8 October 1891) was an Austrian physician, born to a Jewish family from Bohemia, who played an important role in introducing modern medicine in Iran. Life Polak studied Medicine in Prague and Vienna. H ...

published his first hand account of the attempted assassination of Shah in ''Das Land und seine Bewohner''. It includes a significant witnessing of the death of Tahirih. In 1865 two more significant works are produced. First, Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau wrote the first widely published and relatively extensive history of the religion. A third edition was printed in 1900 covering approximate pages 141-358 (217 pages) on the Bábí Faith. It was the basis of much follow-up interest and accounts followed by others. The work, while not very good did serve to get other scholars to follow along in their interests. The second was by

Alexander Kasimovich Kazembek Alexander Kasimovich Kazembek (russian: Алекса́ндр Каси́мович Казембе́к or ; Azerbaijani: ''Aleksandr Kazımbəy'' or ''Mirzə Kazım-bəy''; Persian: میرزا کاظم بیگ ''Mirzâ Kâzem Beg'') (22 July 1802 � ...

who published the first book as such under the pseudonym "Mirza Kazem-Beg" albeit in Russian. He joined the American Oriental Society (see above) in 1851. In 1866 a version of his work was then published in French by him - ''Bab et les Babis'' - as 219 pages across several editions of the ''Journal Asiatique''. Abbas Amanat notes a correction of Kazembek attempt at a biographical workup of the Báb Additionally the 1865 edition of the ''American Annual Cyclopedia'' had an entry on "Persia" and on p. 696 includes a paragraph on Bábís. And Adolphe Franck wrote two papers in French printed in back to back issues of ''Journal des Savants'' - Nov and Dec 1865 - which reviewed Gobineau's works on "Babysm". Lastly, John Ussher published a memoir in 1865 based on notes of his travels in 1861 named ''A Journey from London to Persepolis'' with a few pages mentioning Bábí/Baháʼí events. * In 1866 British diplomat Robert Grant Watson (1834–1892) published a history of the first 58 years of the 19th century of Persia and included 16 pages on Bábí/Baháʼí events. Frenchman Ernst Renan wrote ''The Origins of Christianity: The apostles'' in 1866 of which pages 299–301, 353 examines the Bábís through Gobineau and Kazembek and an attempt a first hand contact in Constantiniople. ''The Nation'' published an article "A New Religion" in June. It starts by mention of Renan's work and then focuses on Gobineau's account. A review of Gobineau in ''The Methodist Quarterly Review'' was published in July. *

William Hepworth Dixon William Hepworth Dixon (30 June 1821 – 26 December 1879) was an English historian and traveller from Manchester. He was active in organizing London's Great Exhibition of 1851. Early life Dixon was born on 30 June 1821, at Great Ancoats in Man ...

published a travel book with a history with commentary which mentions the Báb and "Babees" on several pages in 1867. Adolphe Franck wrote ''Philosophie et Religion'' in 1867, a chapter of which - chapter vi, "Une Nouvelle Religion en Perse" - significantly reviews "Babysm", mostly based on Gobineau. ''Oriental Mysticism'', by

Edward Henry Palmer Edward Henry Palmer (7 August 184010 August 1882), known as E. H. Palmer, was an English orientalist and explorer. Biography Youth and education Palmer was born in Green Street, Cambridge the son of a private schoolmaster. He was orphaned a ...

, mentioned the Báb in a footnote on page 44, following Kazembek. * In 1868 "'Le Babysme'" by Michel Nicolas in ''Le Temps'' Other mentions that year include "BABYSME" in ''l'Annuaire encyclopédique'' of some 15 pages by "Al Bonneau", and in the ''Universal History of Catholicism'' an article on Islam mentions Bábís. * In 1869

Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch (June 18, 1809 - October 12, 1870) was an American Unitarian clergyman, author and hymn writer. Early life Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch (often referred to as S.G. Bulfinch) was born in Boston, Massachusetts on June 18, ...

published followed the work of Renan. Then

Edward Payson Evans Edward Payson Evans (December 8, 1831 – March 6, 1917) was an American scholar, linguist and early advocate for animal rights. He is best known for his 1906 book on animal trials, ''The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals.' ...

wrote "Bab and Babism" for the magazine ''Hours at Home'' Then Rev. Edwin Bliss wrote "Bab and Babism" in the ''Missionary Herald''. Leo de Colange's 1869 ''Zell's Popular Encyclopedia'' included a 2-page entry on the religion named "Babism". It was published in the June 23 ''Daily Evening Telegraph'', of Philadelphia, p. 6 Another repeat appeared July 17 in Green Bay, Wisconsin. "A New Religion" was published in ''All the Year Round'', anonymously, which was echoed in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'', August 3, 1869, page 1. ''The Hawaiian Gazette'', Honolulu Oahu, Hawaii, Sept 8, 1869, p. 4, had a 3 paragraph summary on the religion. Robert Arbuthnot wrote an article for the ''Contemporary Review''. Meanwhile, ''Annee Philosophique - Études Critiques Sur Le Mouvement Des Idées Génénerales'', published in 1869, by F. Pillon (other parts by Ch. Renouvier) included "Une Nouvelle Religion en Asia" across 35 pages. The ''Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art'', August 21, 1869, carried a story "Reviews: The Philosophical Year and the Bábys" looks at another journal, M. F. Pillon's ''Philosophical Annual''. * In about 1870

Michele Lessona Michele Lessona (20 September 1823, Venaria Reale, Piedmont – 20 July 1894, Turin) was an Italian zoologist. Michele Lessona became a specialist in amphibians. His accomplishments include the translation of certain works of Darwin, for exa ...

wrote a book ''I Babi'' which was published in 1881 by Vincenzo Bona in Turin, Italy. Lessona had been a physician serving in Persia circa 1862 for a number of years where he learned of the Babis from a "Dávud Khán" as well as Gobineau. Polish writer :pl:Aleksander Walerian Jablonowski had met Baháʼís in Baghdad. Later in the 1870s he wrote several articles covering its early history in Persia - one of these was to defend the Baháʼí Faith against an erroneous article in another publication. * In the rest of the 1870s more scattered mentions are made. In 1871 Thomas Chaplin intended to visit Baháʼu'lláh and had a couple-hour interview with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and sent a letter to the editor printed in ''The Times''. Momen comments this seems to be the first extended commentary on Baháʼu'lláh in western newspapers. In 1872 "The Bâbys", ''The Church Missionary Intelligencer'' was published anonymously.

Augustus Henry Mounsey Augustus Henry Mounsey (27 August 1834 – 10 April 1882) was a British diplomat. His firsthand account of the Japanese Satsuma Rebellion published in 1879 gives the most detailed descriptions of the military campaigns of the rebellion. L ...

published ''A journey through the Caucasus and the interior of Persia'' which reviews events related to the Báb and Bábís. In 1873 a couple of Christian missionary journals printed articles:''The Colonial Church chronicle, and missionary journal'' and''

Sunday at Home ''Sunday at Home'' was a weekly magazine published in London by the Religious Tract Society beginning in 1854. It was one of the most successful examples of the " Sunday reading" genre of periodicals: inexpensive magazines intended to provide whol ...

''. ''A General Sketch of the History of Persia'' by

Clements Markham Sir Clements Robert Markham (20 July 1830 – 30 January 1916) was an English geographer, explorer and writer. He was secretary of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) between 1863 and 1888, and later served as the Society's president for ...

mentioned Bábí events in 1874. A Babism entry was in ''The World's Progress; a Dictionary of Dates''. ''The Dublin University Magazine'', March 1878, noted of Bábí events contextualizing work by

Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ; 4 August 17928 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his ach ...

. * Comparative sparse mentions continued in the 1880s though for the first time there is an academic conference called. First Adolfo Rivadeneyra traveled through Persia and in 1880 and published ''Viaje al Interior de Persia'' Then on 5 and 12 December 1880 two conferences on the Bábí movement were given in Torino Italy by

.Italy: History of the Baha'i Faith
by Julio Savi, 1992 Carla Serena traveled in Persia in 1877–78. She published several books and the one was ''Hommes et Choses en Perse'' which was published in 1883. An article "Babysm" was then published in the Oxford ''National Encyclopedia'' for 1884. Mary F Wilson (Jan 12, 1861 - June 1895?) wrote a 21-page article "Story of the Bab" which was published in several magazines - ''Contemporary Review'', Dec 1885, and repeated in ''Littell's Living Age'', ''The Library Magazine'', and '' Eclectic Magazine''. Echoes and summaries were also printed in Australia, and other places. "Woman in the Ministry: An Appeal to Fact", by John Tunis, was published in ''Unity'', May 9, 1885. ''Persia: the land of the imams. A narrative of travel and residence, 1871–1885'', published 1886, by American Presbyterian missionary James Bassett which was also reviewed in ''The New York Times'', 9 May 1886 and ''The Inter Ocean'' in Chicago, Illinois.

Samuel Greene Wheeler Benjamin Samuel Greene Wheeler Benjamin (February 13, 1837 – July 19, 1914) was an American journalist, author, artist, and diplomat.. His parents were American missionaries in Greece. He was born in Argos, Greece, but then educated in the United ...

published ''Persia and the Persians'' in 1886 in America after being stationed in Persia from 1882 representing the US government. It was reprinted in London in 1887. Reviews were published in various newspapers. Jane Dieulafoy traveled in Persia with her husband in 1880–81 and publishes an account visiting Baháʼís in 1887. ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles'' has an article where "Babism" as here is the second definition. "The Babis of Persia" was published the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', July - Oct, 1889. The first entry by ''The Encyclopædia Britannica'' on Babi/Baha'i history occurred in 1889 which was repeated into 1893 and appears to be identical to the one in 1902. * Mentions begin to become more common in the 1890s. The first was by Robert Bruce called "News of the Month: In a Letter from Dr. Bruce of Persia…" by ''The Jewish Intelligence'' in August 1890. A "Babism" entry in ''Blackie's modern cyclopedia of universal information'' also appeared that year. However the main development was the interest of

Edward Granville Browne Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature. Life Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershi ...

who investigated the Babis in Persia and then the prisoners sent west and began to publish about 1891 many times ultimately through about the 1920s. Among these were ''A Traveller's Narrative: Written to illustrate the episode of the Bab'' (1891), ''A Year Among the Persians'' (1893), Newspapers and magazines began to widely cover his work. * But other writers still were independently addressing Bábí and Baháʼí history as well. Isabella Bird briefly describes Bábís being attacked and taking refuge in a book ''Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan'' printed in 1891, and

Theodore Bent James Theodore Bent (30 March 1852 – 5 May 1897) was an English explorer, archaeologist, and author. Biography James Theodore Bent was born in Liverpool on 30 March 1852, the son of James (1807-1876) and Eleanor (née Lambert, c.1811-1873) B ...

published "Village life in Persia" in ''Review''. *

Thomas Henry Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He has become known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The stor ...

mentions Bábism in ''Essays upon some Controverted Questions'' in 1892.

George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), styled Lord Curzon of Kedleston between 1898 and 1911 and then Earl Curzon of Kedleston between 1911 and 1921, was a British Conservative statesman ...

in his ''Persia and the Persian Question'' comments on Bábí-"Behai" presence in Persia. A posthumous work o
George Thomas Bettany
was published in 1892. It includes alittle more than a page on "Babism". Anonymously "The Bab" was published in ''The Oxford Magazine'' 1892, and a "Catalogue and Descriptions of 27 Bábí Manuscripts" was published in the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', July 1892. Baron Roman Rosen published some articles based on his collection of materials first in "Some Remarks on the Bábí Texts Edited by Baron Victor Rosen" in the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1892. This article was also reviewed in ''The New York Times'', 5 June 1892, which names the author as Coutts Trotter. * In 1893 Rev.

Henry Harris Jessup Henry Harris Jessup (1832–1910) was an American Presbyterian missionary and author who devoted his distinguished career to evangelical missionary work in Syria (now Lebanon). Biography He was born at Montrose, Pennsylvania, son of the jurist W ...

delivered a talk at the Chicago

Parliament of the World's Religions There have been several meetings referred to as a Parliament of the World's Religions, the first being the World's Parliament of Religions of 1893, which was an attempt to create a global dialogue of faiths. The event was celebrated by another c ...

s held at

World's Columbian Exposition The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, h ...

and quoted Browne's meeting with Baháʼu'lláh. The ''Inter Ocean'' also published a survey of presentations at the Parliament with Rev. Jessup's presentation is included. A few notable Baháʼís are noted to have been present for or heard of the presentation: Sarah Farmer (see Green Acre Baháʼí School) and

Thornton Chase Thornton Chase (February 22, 1847 – September 30, 1912) was a distinguished officer of the United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War, and the first western convert to the Baháʼí Faith. Chase was born in Springfield, Massach ...

. The Right Rev

Charles Stileman Charles Harvey Stileman (15 February 1863 – 23 February 1925) was an Anglican clergyman, the inaugural Anglican Bishop in Persia from 1912 until 1917. Charles Harvey Stileman was educated at Repton School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Ordained ...

, Anglican clergyman, also published an article in 1893. Meanwhile, the first Baháʼí to enter the United States was briefly noted in the ''New York Tribune''. According to Stockman he is the US in the summer of 1892. * Some newspapers lead of coverage of the Faith in 1894 start noting persecution of "Bahis". An account of Frederic John Goldsmid reading at the Missionary conference of the Anglican Communion in the UK including quoting a translation by Browne from "Behá" was published in ''the Guardian''. "The Babis of Persia" article by M. Y. De Goeze, in ''The Missionary Review of the World'' followed. "The Babis of Persia" by Rev P Z Easton, in ''The Missionary Review of the World'' appeared in the summer of 1894 along with "Wahabiism and Babism - Bibliography" in July. A brief summary in the ''Sacramento Daily Union'' of religion in Persia mentions the Babis and the punishment they suffer under no protection of rank or standing. JH Shedd also published "Babism: Its Doctrine and Relation to Mission Work" late in 1894. * James Strong, of ''Concordance'' fame, had been continuing work on a ''Cyclopedia'' begun in 1853. The 1895 edition of Vol 1 had an entry on "Babist". Henry Edward Plantagenet wrote a brief piece of his encounter with Baháʼí's in Haifa in the article "'Babism' in a UK journal ''The Academy''. Rev Samuel Graham Wilson mentioned the Bab and Babis on a few pages in his ''Persian life and customs'' in 1895. A more general review but with more modern terminology appeared in the ''Delphos Daily Herald'' in Ohio. This was followed in 1896 in the October edition of ''The Missionary Review of the World'' in "The Gospel Work in Persia". Scotsman Thomas Edward Gordon published ''Persia Revisited'' which mentions the Bab and Bábís. * The pace of scholarly work expanded in 1896 with several further writers; Lepel Griffin, Friedrich Carl Andreas,

J. D. Rees Sir John David Rees, 1st Baronet, (16 December 1854 – 2 June 1922) was a colonial administrator in British India and subsequently a Member of Parliament at Parliament of the United Kingdom, Westminster. Biography He was educated at Chel ...

, Gaston Dujarric, Canon Edward Sell,

Hugh Reginald Haweis Hugh Reginald Haweis (3 April 1838 – 29 January 1901) was an English cleric and writer. He was the husband of author Mary Eliza Haweis and the father of painter Stephen Haweis. Biography The Reverend H.R. Haweis was born in Egham, Surrey in ...

, The last was also summarized in a newspaper account 16 December 1896 in the ''Indiana Democrat''. * Reverend

James Thompson Bixby James Thompson Bixby (July 30, 1843 – December 26, 1921) was a United States Unitarian minister and writer. Biography He was born at Barre, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard College (1864) and Harvard Divinity School (B.D., 1870). H ...

wrote a number of articles related to the Faith with the first being "Babism and the Bab" in the ''New World'', December 1897, Charles William Heckethorn, and Áqá ʻAbdu'l-Ahad Zanjání wrote in "Personal Reminiscences of the Bábí Insurrection at Zanjân in 1850" for the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''. Then "Some Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of the Hurufi Sect" mentioned Bábísm. entry "Báb-ed-Din" in a dictionary closes out 1898.

20th century

* 1900 Opens with Russian scholar H. Arakelian from his 1900 paper/lecture in French, "Le Bêbisme en Perse", at the September 5, 1900 meeting of the "International Congress of the History of Religions" held in Paris. * 1901 Has

Edward Denison Ross Sir Edward Denison Ross (6 June 1871 – 20 September 1940) was an orientalist and linguist, specializing in languages of the Middle East, Central and East Asia. He was the first director of the University of London's School of Oriental Studies ...

writing an article for ''The North American Review'' called "Babism". It appeared again in 1912 in ''Great Religions of the World'' in 1912 with a preface about ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's travels. * A.L.M. Nicholas, noted as "No European scholar has contributed so much to our knowledge of the life and teaching of the Báb as Nicolas. His study of the life of the Báb and his translations of several of the most important books of the Báb remain of unsurpassed value." * Stoyan Krystoff Vatralsky made some news circa 1899/1900 and wrote a paper in 1902 in the ''American Journal of Theology''. Baha'is have reviewed his work. * "The Missionary Outlook" by Rev. Courtenay H. Penn, followed in ''The Missionary Review'' August 1902 * "Babism and the Babites", by Rev. Henry Harris Jessup was published in ''The Missionary Review'' October. * "A visit to the Prophet of Persia" by Philip Sidersky and Rev. S.K. Braun was published in ''The Missionary Review'' also in October. * In 1904 in ''Missions and Modern History: a study of the missionary aspects of some great movements of the nineteenth century'', by Presbyterian minister Robert Elliott Speer was published. Another couple articles totaling 139 pages by Dr.

Paul Carus Paul Carus (; 18 July 1852 – 11 February 1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religion

came out in the summer in the journal ''Open Court'', (and also had an advertisement by Kheiralla and MacNutt.) There is a reply in the January 1905 edition of ''Open Court'' lead by Carus' commentary adjusting some details and then publishing the rebuttal by Arthur Dodge. An anonymous reprise and summary called "American; Babism in New York" followed in ''The Missionary Review'' in May 1906.

A. V. Williams Jackson Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson, L.H.D., Ph.D., LL.D. (February 9, 1862 – August 8, 1937) was an American specialist on Indo-European languages. Biography He was born in New York City on February 9, 1862. He graduated from Columbia Un ...

then published ''Persia, Past and Present'' which has a couple pages on the Bábí/Baháʼí Faiths including brief mention of "Behaists" near Chicago. ''Across Persia'' was then published in 1907 by Eliot Crawshay-Williams who travelled Persia in 1903 - chapter XX is about Bábí-Baháʼí history. "Babism" had a section in the ''Orpheus: A General History of Religions'', by Salomon Reinach in 1909. * As early as 1909, but more often since 1911, a column named "The Awaking of the Older Nations", by William T. Ellis, copyrighted to Joseph B. Bowles, began to appear in several newspapers. Ellis was a secular journalist who investigated missionary activity of Christians around the world. Some of the articles of the series covered the Baháʼí Faith. He appears to have encountered the religion in 1910 while ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was in Egypt and his interview was reported in Star of the West, (then called Baháʼí News,) of January 1911.From Mr. Sydney Sprague
''Star of the West'', on January 19, 1911, pages 7–8 The series mention of the religion runs into 1912. The article often included a picture of some kind. He reports visiting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's home in Haifa and not seeing Him there - that He was away. He went to Alexandria to catch ʻAbdu'l-Bahá there and refers to an Englishman serving as translator for the interview - this was Sydney Sprague (who mentioned

Mary Hanford Ford Mary Hanford Ford (née Finney; November 1, 1856 – February 2, 1937) was an American lecturer, author, art and literature critic and a leader in the women's suffrage movement. She reached early notoriety in Kansas at the age of 28 and soon left ...

's "The Oriental Rose" as well.) There is a considerable discussion of the teachings but with various errors as well. * The February 1910 edition of ''Twentieth Century Magazine'' had an article by Baháʼí Helen Campbell profiling the social and economic views of the religion. ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' has entries on Babism and Behaism by associate editor of the encyclopedia, George W. Gilmore, with nothing newer than 1906 in the bibliography. The second, "Behaism", was by Margaret Bloodgood Peeke, "Inspectress-General of the Martinist Order of America" with nothing newer than 1906 in the bibliography. Peeke had gone on to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a non-Baháʼí in 1899 and judged it to be "living the life" of the teachings of Jesus Christ. * In early 1911 unitarian minister

Celia Parker Woolley Celia Parker Woolley (June 14, 1848 – March 9, 1918) was an American novelist, Unitarian minister and social reformer. She also served as a president of the Chicago Woman's Club and the founder of the Frederick Douglass Woman's Club. Biograph ...

advertised a meeting discussing the religion in the African newspaper

The Chicago Defender ''The Chicago Defender'' is a Chicago-based online African-American newspaper. It was founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott and was once considered the "most important" newspaper of its kind. Abbott's newspaper reported and campaigned against Jim ...

. In late 1911 Ethel Stefana Stevens published two articles in widely circulated magazines - ''Forthnightly Review'', and ''Everybody's Magazine''. a variety of 1911 mentions occur in newspapers - Ghodsea Ashrof emigratig, conditions in Iran, and specifically women's rights, Behaists/"TruthKnowers", a large article about the coming of ʻAbdul'-Bahá to the West of his presence in Europe. Rev. Peter Z. Easton, a Presbyterian in the Synod of the Northeast in New York who was stationed in

Tabriz Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan region between long ridges of vo ...

, Iran from 1873 to 1880, didn't have an appointment to meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Bristol, UK. Easton attempted to meet and challenge ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and in his actions made those around him uncomfortable; ʻAbdu'l-Bahá withdrew him to a private conversation and then he left. Later he printed a polemic attack on the religion, ''Bahaism — A Warning'', in the ''Evangelical Christendom'' newspaper of London. and echoed. The polemic was later responded to by

Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Mírzá Muḥammad ( fa, ميرزا أبوالفضل), or Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání (1844–1914), was the foremost Baháʼí scholar who helped spread the Baháʼí Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States. He is one ...

in his book ''The Brilliant Proof'' written in December 1911. * 1912 - A significant number of articles reviewed or mention ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West; see that article for significant mentions and reviews. However, separately, some mention the Faith of Abdu'l-Bahá before he came to the US such as by Gertrude Atherton or a few mentions were made aside from coverage about ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Lua Getsinger gave a talk on the religion that was noted in ''The Pacific Unitarian''. Tahirih was noted more than once. The "Clio Information Club" hosted a talk by

Howard MacNutt Howard is an English-language given name originating from Old French Huard (or Houard) from a Germanic source similar to Old High German ''*Hugihard'' "heart-brave", or ''*Hoh-ward'', literally "high defender; chief guardian". It is also probab ...

gave a talk in October as noted in the African American '' New York Age''. The first mention of the religion so far found in the ''

Pittsburgh Courier The ''Pittsburgh Courier'' was an African-American weekly newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County. It is the mo ...

'' occur when a "Mrs. Davis" held a meeting at her home for a club and the topic was the religion. And there was mention in Australia. * In 1913 ''Persia, the Land of the Magi...'' was published by Samuel Kasha Nweeya. Also in 1913 the article "Key to the Heaven of the Beyan or a Third Call of Attention to the Behaists or Babists of America" was published by August J. Stenstrand for the Illinois State Historical Society. * In the July 1914 edition of ''The Harvard Theological Review'' then Reverend Albert R. Vail published an article surveying the religion. Part 1 of "Bahaism and the Woman Question", by Rev. Samuel G. Wilson, in October ''Missionary Review of the World''. and was followed by part 2 in December. See Baháʼí Faith and gender equality. * In 1915 Robert P. Richardson published his first article in the ''Open Court''. In 1916 Mary Bird mentioned the religion in a missionary light. In 1917 Albert Vail, along with his wife Emily McClellan Vail, published a two volume set of books each with a chapter about the religion: "Heroic lives" for sixth grade curriculums with student and teacher notebooks. *

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (; Persian: ‎, 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born ʻAbbás ( fa, عباس), was the eldest son of Baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the Baháʼí Faith from 1892 until 1921. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was later canonized as the la ...

died in 1921 and was a major event in the region with thousands attending the procession of the casket, and prominent local representatives of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish communities speaking on the occasion. Obituaries appeared in the New York, Los Angeles and elsewhere, based out of reports announced in London news. * In 1924, American Ambassador to the Qajar dynasty of Persia, Robert Imbrie was killed on suspicion of being a Baháʼí. *

Juan Cole John Ricardo Irfan "Juan" Cole (born October 23, 1952) is an American academic and commentator on the modern Middle East and South Asia. Dead link; no archive located. He is Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University ...

— historian, Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the

University of Michigan , mottoeng = "Arts, Knowledge, Truth" , former_names = Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821) , budget = $10.3 billion (2021) , endowment = $17 billion (2021)As o ...

. *

Denis MacEoin Denis M. MacEoin (26 January 1949 – 6 June 2022) was a British academic, scholar and writer with a focus on Persian, Arabic and Islamic studies. He authored several academic books and articles, as well as many pieces of journalism. Since 2014 ...

— historian, Senior Fellow at the Gatestone Institute and a Fellow at the Middle East Forum. * William McElwee Miller — missionary, Christian minister, and translator. * Suheil BushruiLebanon: Situation of Baha'is

Government of Canada The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown-i ...

, 2004-04-16 was a professor, author, poet, critic, translator, and peace maker as a prominent scholar in regard to the life and works of

Kahlil Gibran Gibran Khalil Gibran ( ar, جُبْرَان خَلِيل جُبْرَان, , , or , ; January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran (pronounced ), was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artis ...

, published more than one volume about him, and served as the Kahlil Gibran Chair for Values and Peace at the

University of Maryland The University of Maryland, College Park (University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in College Park, Maryland. Founded in 1856, UMD is the Flagship un ...

Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet: Why is it so loved?
BBC News, May 12, 2012, Retrieved May 12, 2012. and winner of the Juliet Hollister Awards from the Temple of Understanding.

21st century

* Margit Warburg published a book on the history of the Baháʼís focusing on the Danish Baháʼí community in 2006. * Leigh Eric Schmidt devoted a chapter of his ''Restless Souls: The Making of American Spirituality'' published by the University of California Press on the history and impact of Green Acre Baháʼí School. * The peer-reviewed Journal of Religious History issued a special edition devoted to the Baháʼí Faith in December 2012. *

Abbas Amanat Abbas Amanat ( fa, عباس امانت) is an Iranian-born American historian, scholar, author, editor, and professor. He serves as the William Graham Sumner Professor of History at Yale University and Director of the Yale Program in Iranian Stu ...

— historian, Professor of History & International Studies at

Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Sta ...

.
Todd Lawson
— Associate Professor Emeritus of Islamic Thought at th
University of Toronto
*

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu M. Şükrü Hanioğlu is a Turkish professor of late Ottoman history in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Between 2005 and 2014, he was the department chair.Princeton University Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the n ...

. *

Moojan Momen Moojan Momen is a retired physician and historian specializing in Baháʼí studies who has published numerous books and articles about the Baháʼí Faith and Islam, especially Shia Islam, including for Encyclopædia Iranica* * * the British Li ...

— historian, author of numerous books and articles about the Bahaʼi Faith.
Omid Ghaemmaghami
— Associate Professor of Arabic and Director of Middle East Studies at th
State University of New York (SUNY) in Binghamton
* Peter Smith — historian, currently on faculty at

Mahidol University International College Mahidol University International College (MUIC; th, วิทยาลัยนานาชาติ มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล) is Thailand's first public international college. It is part of Mahidol University and is loc ...

in Thailand. * Moshe Sharon — historian, Professor Emeritus of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem where he serves as Chair in Baháʼí Studies. *

Ehsan Yarshater Ehsan Yarshater ( fa, احسان يارشاطر, April 3, 1920 – September 1, 2018) was an Iranian historian and linguist who specialized in Iranology. He was the founder and director of The Center for Iranian Studies, and Hagop Kevorkian Prof ...

— Persianist, Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manha ...