Baha Al-Din Sam II
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Baha al-Din Sam II () was the fourth ruler of the
Ghurid The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; ; self-designation: , ''Šansabānī'') was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian peoples, Iranian Tajik people, Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor, and became an Emp ...
branch of
Bamiyan Bamyan (), also spelled Bamian or Bamiyan, is the capital of Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan. Its population of approximately 100,000 people makes it the largest city in Hazarajat. Bamyan is at an altitude of about above sea level. The ...
, ruling from 1192 to 1206.


Origins and rise

Baha al-Din Sam II was the son of
Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud Shams (), an Arabic word meaning ''sun'' or ''spark'' may refer to: Media * "Shams", a 2019 song by Indian singer Sanjeeta Bhattacharya * ''Shams'' (newspaper), a defunct Saudi newspaper * ''Al-Shams'' (newspaper), a Libyan government newspaper ...
and an unnamed sister of his relative
Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (), also known as Ghiyath al-Din Ghori or Ghiyassuddin Ghori born, Muhammad (c. 1140–1203, ), was the Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty. During the diarchy of Ghiyath and his younger brother Muhammad of Ghor, who governed th ...
. Baha al-Din also had an older half-brother named Abbas ibn Muhammad, whose mother was Turkic. In 1192, their father died, and Abbas shortly ascended the throne. However, Ghiyath al-Din and his brother Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad shortly deposed Abbas, and replaced him with Baha al-Din.


Reign

Shortly after his ascension, Baha al-Din became famous among his subjects, and patronized many scholars such as the prominent
Iranian Iranian () may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Iran ** Iranian diaspora, Iranians living outside Iran ** Iranian architecture, architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia ** Iranian cuisine, cooking traditions and practic ...
philosopher Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi. In 1198, Baha al-Din wrested
Balkh Balkh is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan. It is located approximately to the northwest of the provincial capital city Mazar-i-Sharif and approximately to the south of the Amu Darya and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border. In 2021 ...
from
Kara-Khitan The Qara Khitai, or Kara Khitai ( zh, t=喀喇契丹, s=哈剌契丹, p=Kālā Qìdān or zh, c=黑契丹, p=Hēi Qìdān, l=Black Khitan, links=no), also known as the Western Liao ( zh, t=西遼, p=Xī Liáo, links=no), officially the Great L ...
control after the death of its governor. During the same year, war broke out between the Ghurids and the
Khwarazmian dynasty The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English: , ), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty () was a Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic peoples, Turkic ''mamluk'' origin from the Begdili, Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks. The Anushteg ...
, which was supported by their suzerain Kara-Khitans; the Khwarazmians attacked
Herat Herāt (; Dari/Pashto: هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Se ...
, while the Kara-Khitans invaded
Guzgan Guzgan (, also known as Gozgan, Guzganan or Quzghan) was a historical region and early medieval principality in what is now northern Afghanistan. Etymology The area was known as "Guzgan" or in the plural form "Guzganan". Orientalist Vladimir Mi ...
, and demanded tribute from Baha al-Din. However, the Ghurids shortly managed to inflict a heavy defeat on the two empires, and then used the opportunity to conquer Marv,
Sarakhs Sarakhs () is a city in the Central District (Sarakhs County), Central District of Sarakhs County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Sarakhs was once a stopping po ...
, Nasa,
Abiward Abiward or Abi-ward, was an ancient Sasanian city in modern-day Turkmenistan. Archaeological Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consist ...
, Tus, and
Nishapur Nishapur or Neyshabur (, also ) is a city in the Central District (Nishapur County), Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Ni ...
. Several Ghurid princes were shortly appointed as the governor of the cities, which included a nephew of Baha al-Din's grandfather
Fakhr al-Din Masud Fakhr al-Din Masud ( Persian: فخر الدین مسعود), was the first ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamiyan, ruling from 1152 to 1163. Early life Fakhr al-Din Masud was the son of Izz al-Din Husayn and a Turkic mother. He also had severa ...
, Taj al-Din Zangi. In March 1203, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died of illness, and was succeeded by his brother Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad as the head of the Ghurid dynasty. Shortly after Ghiyath's death, however, the Khwarazmian-shah Muhammad II invaded the Ghurid Empire, and besieged Herat. Mu'izz, along with his general
Husain ibn Kharmil Izz al-Din Husain ibn Kharmil al-Ghuri (), commonly known after his father as Ibn Kharmil, was an Iranian military leader of the Ghurid dynasty, and later the semi-independent ruler of Herat and its surrounding regions. Origins and early career ...
, quickly managed to Muhammad from Herat and then pursued him to
Khwarezm Khwarazm (; ; , ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'') or Chorasmia () is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by ...
, where the Ghurid army besieged the Khwarazmian capital of
Gurganj Konye-Urgench (, ; , ), also known as Old Urgench or Urganj, was a city in north Turkmenistan, just south from its border with Uzbekistan. It is the site of the ancient town of Gurgānj, which contains the ruins of the capital of Khwarazm. Its in ...
. However, the Ghurids were shortly forced to retreat back to
Ghur Ghōr, also spelled Ghowr or Ghur (), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in the western Hindu Kush in central Afghanistan, towards the northwest. The province contains eleven districts, encompassing hundreds of vil ...
, but suffered a heavy defeat during the retreat. After Mu'izz's return to Ghur, he, along with Baha al-Din prepared a new Ghurid expedition into Khwarezm. During the same period, a Ghurid prince named
Ala al-Din Atsiz Ala al-Din Atsiz (), was Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1213 to 1214. He was the relative and successor of Baha al-Din Sam III. Biography Ala al-Din Atsiz was the son Ala al-Din Husayn, who died in 1161. At the death of Ala al-Din Husayn, Ats ...
married a daughter of Baha al-Din. However, Mu'izz al-Din was soon assassinated in 1206, which resulted in a civil war; Baha al-Din Sam was supported by the native Iranian soldiers, while the Turkic ''
ghulams Ghilman (singular ',Other standardized transliterations: '' / ''. . plural ')Other standardized transliterations: '' / ''. . were slave-soldiers and/or mercenaries in armies throughout the Islamic world. Islamic states from the early 9th centur ...
'' supported Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad's son
Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud (), was Sultan of the Ghurid Empire from 1206 to 1212. He was son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad the nephew of Muhammad Ghuri whom he succeeded in 1206. Rise to power Ghiyath was the son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, who was the ...
. Baha al-Din Sam II, however, died a few days later of illness, and was succeeded by his son
Jalal al-Din Ali Jalal al-Din Ali () was the last ruler of the Ghurid branch of Bamyan, ruling from 1206 to 1215. Biography He was the son of Baha al-Din Sam II, and had a brother named Ala al-Din Muhammad. Not much is known about Jalal al-Din's early life, ex ...
, who, along with his brother Ala al-Din Muhammad, were supported by their father's supporters.


References


Sources

* * * {{Ghurid dynasty 12th-century Iranian people 13th-century Iranian people Ghurid dynasty 1206 deaths 12th-century births