The Baduspanids, Paduspanids or Badusbanids (), were a local Iranian dynasty of

Tabaristan Tabaristan or Tabarestan (; ; from , ), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It corresponded to the present-day province of Mazandaran, which became the predominant name of the area from the 11th-century onward ...

which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in Iran, it ended in 1598 when the

Safavids The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...

invaded and conquered their domains.

History

During the

Arab invasion of Iran As part of the early Muslim conquests, which were initiated by Muhammad in 622, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire between 632 and 654. This event led to the decline of Zoroastrianism, which had been the official religion of ...

, the last

Sasanian The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranians"), was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, the length of the Sasanian dynasty's reign ...

King of Kings King of Kings, ''Mepet mepe''; , group="n" was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Commonly associated with History of Iran, Iran (historically known as name of Iran, Persia ...

()

Yazdegerd III Yazdegerd III (also Romanized as ''Yazdgerd'', ''Yazdgird'') was the last Sasanian Empire, Sasanian King of Kings from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar (son of Khosrow II), Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II. Ascending the throne a ...

() reportedly granted control over

to the Dabuyid ruler

Gil Gavbara Gil Gavbara (), also known as Gavbarih (the Cow Devotee), was a general and founder of the Dabuyid dynasty in 642, ruling until his death in 660. Origins According to Ibn Isfandiyar, the Dabuyids were descended from Djamasp, a brother of the Sass ...

, who was a great-grandson of

Jamasp Jamasp (also spelled Zamasp or Djamasp; ; ''Jāmāsp'') was Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 496 to 498/9. He was a son of Peroz I and younger brother of Kavad I. Jamasp was installed on the Sasanian throne upon the deposition of the latter ...

(). Gil Gavbara's son Baduspan I was granted control over Ruyan in 665, thus forming the Baduspanid dynasty, which would rule the region until the 1590s. Another son,

Dabuya Dabuya or Dabuyih () was the Dabuyid ruler ( ispahbadh) of Tabaristan. He succeeded his father Gil Gavbara in 660 and reigned until his death in 712. His son, Farrukhan the Great succeeded him. Sources * * * {{Dabuyid dynasty 7t ...

succeeded their father the former as the head of the Dabuyid family, ruling the rest of Tabaristan. The last Dabuyid ruler Khurshid managed to safeguard his realm against the

Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (, ; ) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. Uthman ibn Affan, the third of the Rashidun caliphs, was also a member o ...

, but after its replacement by the

Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (; ) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes ...

, he was finally defeated in 760. Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from

Amul The Anand Milk Union Limited commonly known as Amul is an Indian dairy brand owned by the cooperative society, Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), based in Anand, Gujarat. GCMMF is controlled by 3.6 million milk producers. ...

by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the

Bavandids The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright indep ...

, Qarinvandids, the Zarmihrids and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. These rulers were largely if not completely autonomous. Due to the regional prominence of the Baduspanids, Ruyan became known as Rustamdar in the

Mongol Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of M ...

era, a deformed form of their regnal title, ''

ustandar ''Ostandar'' or ''Ustandar'' was an Administrative divisions of the Sasanian Empire, administrative title wielded by provincial governors under the Sasanian Empire. They governed the royal lands, known as the ''ostan''. The title was later assumed ...

'', which they had used since the rule of Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid (). The Baduspanids were briefly deposed from power by the Mar'ashis, who ruled Rustamdar from 1381 till 1390, when they decided to install Baduspanid prince Sa'd al-Dawla Tus on the throne in Rustamdar to challenge the Afrasiyabid prince

Iskandar-i Shaykhi Iskandar-i Shaykhi (), was an Iranian from the Afrasiyab dynasty, who ruled Amul as a Timurid vassal from 1393 to 1403. He was the youngest son of Kiya Afrasiyab, who had initially established his rule in eastern Mazandaran from 1349 to 1359, b ...

who accompanied the

Turco-Mongol The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate. The ruling Mongol elites of these khanates eventually ass ...

ruler

Timur Timur, also known as Tamerlane (1320s17/18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeat ...

(), who intended to conquer Mazandaran. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran. In 1399/1400, he deprived the Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. The holdings of the new Baduspanid ruler Kayumarth I were now restricted to that of the castle of Nur. However, in 1405, he restored his rule in Rustamdar. He died in 1453. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. The Baduspanid dynasty was never to be united again, with the two branches ruling separately until they were eventually deposed in 1590s by the

Safavid The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...

monarch of Iran,

Abbas the Great Abbas I (; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the fifth Safavid Iran, Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629. The third son of Mohammad Khodabanda, Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he is generally considered ...

().

Known Baduspanid rulers

* 665-694 : Baduspan I * 694-723 : Khurzad ibn Baduspan * 723-762 : Baduspan II * 762-791 :

Shahriyar I ibn Baduspan Shahriyar or variants may refer to: Places *Shahriar, Tehran province, Iran **Shahriar County *Shahriar, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran *Shahriar, Fars, Iran *Shahriar-e Tavakkoli, Fars Province, Iran *Shahriar, Lorestan, Iran *Shagriar (disambig ...

* 791-822 : Vanda-Umid * 822-855 : Abdallah ibn Vanda-Umid

Afridunid line

* 855-??? : Afridun ibn Karan * ???-??? : Baduspan III * ???-??? : Shahriyar II ibn Baduspan * 887-899 : Hazar Sandan

Shahriyarid line

* 899-938 : Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid * 938-965 :

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

* 965-??? : Istwandad * 974-1010 : Zarrin-Kamar I * 1010-1036 : Ba-Harb * 1036-1067 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar I * 1067-1092 :

Ardashir Ardeshir, Ardashir or Ardasher may refer to: Throne name of several rulers * Artaxerxes (disambiguation), the Hellenized form of Ardeshir * Ardashir Orontid, ''r.'' 5th century BC, Armenian king from the Orontid dynasty * Ardashir I, ''r.'' 224– ...

* 1092-1132: Hazarasp I * 1117-1168 : Shahrivash * 1168-1184 : Kai Ka'us I * 1184-1190 : Hazarasp II * 1190-1209 :

Bavandid The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright inde ...

occupation * 1209-1213 : Zarrin-Kamar II * 1213 -1223 : Bisutun I * 1223-1242/1243 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar II * Died in 1242 : Hosam al-Dawla Ardashir * 1242- ???? : Iskandar I * 1242-1272 : Shahragim * 1272-1301 :

Namawar Shah Ghazi Namawar Shah Ghazi was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1272/3 to 1301/2. He was the son and successor of Shahragim. An obscure ruler, he died in 1301/2 and was succeeded by his brother Kay Khusraw Kay Khosrow () is a ...

* 1301-1311 :

Kay Khusraw Kay Khosrow () is a legendary king of Iran of Kayanian dynasty and a character in the Persian epic book ''Shahnameh''. He was the son of the Iranian prince Siavash who married princess Farangis of Turan while in exile. Before Kay Khosrow was ...

* 1311-1317 : Shams al-Muluk Muhammad * 1317-1324 : Nasir al-Din Shahriyar * 1324-1333 : Taj al-Dawla Ziyar * 1333-1359 : Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar * 1359-1378 : Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi * 1378-1379 : Adud al-Dawla Qubad * 1379-1391 : Mar'ashi occupation * 1391-1394 : Sa'd al-Dawla Tus * 1399-1453 : Kayumarth I

Nur branch

* 1453-1467 : Ka'us II * 1467-1499 : Jahangir I * 1499-1507 : Bisutun II * 1507-1550 : Bahman of Tabaristan * 1550-1576 : Kayumarth IV * 1582-1586 : Sultan Aziz * 1586-1593/1594 : Jahangir III

Kojur branch

* 1453-1476 : Iskandar IV * 1476-1491 : Taj-al-Dawla ibn Iskandar * 1491-1507 : Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla * 1507-1543 : Ka'us III * 1543-1555 : Kayumarth III * 1555-1567 : Jahangir II * 1568-1590 : Sultan Mohammad ibn Jahangir * 1590-1598 : Jahangir IV

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Sasanian Empire