The Baduspanids or Badusbanids ( fa, پادوسبانیان, Pâdusbâniân), were a local Iranian dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in Iran, it ended in 1598 when the Safavids invaded and conquered their domains.

History

During the

Arab invasion of Iran The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 654 AD and led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire as well as the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion. The ...

, the last Sasanian

King of Kings King of Kings; grc-gre, Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων, Basileùs Basiléōn; hy, արքայից արքա, ark'ayits ark'a; sa, महाराजाधिराज, Mahārājadhirāja; ka, მეფეთ მეფე, ''Mepet mepe'' ...

() Yazdegerd III () reportedly granted control over Tabaristan to the Dabuyid ruler

Gil Gavbara Gil Gavbara ( fa, گیل گاوباره), also known as Gavbarih (the Cow Devotee), was king and founder of the Dabuyid dynasty in 642, ruling until his death in 660. Origins According to Ibn Isfandiyar, the Dabuyids were descended from Djamasp, a ...

, who was a great-grandson of

Jamasp Jamasp (also spelled Zamasp or Djamasp; pal, 𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯; fa, جاماسپ ''Jāmāsp'') was Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 496 to 498/9. He was a son of Peroz I and younger brother of Kavad I. Jamasp was installed on the Sasan ...

(). Gil Gavbara's son Baduspan I was granted control over Ruyan in 665, thus forming the Baduspanid dynasty, which would rule the region until the 1590s. Another son, Dabuya succeeded their father the former as the head of the Dabuyid family, ruling the rest of Tabaristan. The last Dabuyid ruler Khurshid managed to safeguard his realm against the Umayyad Caliphate, but after its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate, he was finally defeated in 760. Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from Amul by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the Bavandids, Qarinvandids, the Zarmihrids and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. These rulers were largely if not completely autonomous. Due to the regional prominence of the Baduspanids, Ruyan became known as Rustamdar in the Mongol era, a deformed form of their regnal title, '' ustandar'', which they had used since the rule of Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid (). The Baduspanids were briefly deposed from power by the Mar'ashis, who ruled Rustamdar from 1381 till 1390, when they decided to install Baduspanid prince Sa'd al-Dawla Tus on the throne in Rustamdar to challenge the Afrasiyabid prince Iskandar-i Shaykhi who accompanied the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (), who intended to conquer Mazandaran. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran. In 1399/1400, he deprived the Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. The holdings of the new Baduspanid ruler

Kayumarth I Kayumarth I (also spelled Gayumarth I or Kayumars I; fa, ملک کیومرث یکم) was the ruler (''ustandar'') of the Baduspanids from 1394 to 1453, with a three-year interruption. An active expansionist ruler, his kingdom experienced a resurge ...

were now restricted to that of the castle of Nur. However, in 1405, he restored his rule in Rustamdar. He died in 1453. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. The Baduspanid dynasty was never to be united again, with the two branches ruling separately until they were eventually deposed in 1590s by the

Safavid Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often conside ...

monarch of Iran, Abbas the Great ().

Known Baduspanid rulers

* 665-694 :

Baduspan I Baduspan I or Padusban I ( fa, پادوسبان یکم) was the first Ispahbad ''Spāhbed'' (also spelled ''spahbod'' and ''spahbad'') is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sasanian Empire. Originally there was a s ...

* 694-723 :

Khurzad ibn Baduspan Khurzad ( fa, خورزاد, also Romanized as Khūrzād; also known as Khūrzād-e Bālā) is a village in Masabi Rural District, in the Central District (Sarayan County), Central District of Sarayan County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 20 ...

* 723-762 :

Baduspan II Baduspan (also spelled Badusban and Fadusban) was the name of a mountainous district located in the Alborz area of Tabaristan/ Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It was a days walk south of the city of Sari A sari (so ...

* 762-791 :

Shahriyar I ibn Baduspan Shahriyar ( fa, شهریار), also spelled as ''Sharyar, Sheryar'', ''Shariyar'', ''Shahryar'', ''Schahryar'', ''Shahriar'', ''Shariar'', ''Sheharyar'', ''Shaheryar'', ''Shaharyar'', ''Shehreyar'', or ''Shehiryar,'' and pronounced /sha ree YAAR/, i ...

* 791-822 : Vanda-Umid * 822-855 :

Abdallah ibn Vanda-Umid Abd Allah ( ar, عبدالله, translit=ʻAbd Allāh), also spelled Abdallah, Abdellah, Abdollah, Abdullah and many others, is an Arabic name meaning "Servant of God". It is built from the Arabic words '' abd'' () and ''Allāh'' (). Although the ...

Afridunid line

* 855-??? : Afridun ibn Karan * ???-??? :

Baduspan III Baduspan (also spelled Badusban and Fadusban) was the name of a mountainous district located in the Alborz area of Tabaristan/ Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It was a days walk south of the city of Sari A sari (s ...

* ???-??? :

Shahriyar II ibn Baduspan Shahriyar ( fa, شهریار), also spelled as ''Sharyar, Sheryar'', ''Shariyar'', ''Shahryar'', ''Schahryar'', ''Shahriar'', ''Shariar'', ''Sheharyar'', ''Shaheryar'', ''Shaharyar'', ''Shehreyar'', or ''Shehiryar,'' and pronounced /sha ree YAAR/, i ...

* 887-899 :

Hazar Sandan Hazar may refer to: *Hazar (name) *the Turkish for Khazar * Lake Hazar, Turkey *Hazar mountains, Iran *Hazar, Iran, a village in Kerman Province *Hazar, Turkmenistan, a city in Balkan Province, Turkmenistan See also * Hezar (disambiguation) * H ...

Shahriyarid line

* 899-938 : Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid * 938-965 : Muhammad * 965-??? : Istwandad * 974-1010 : Zarrin-Kamar I * 1010-1036 : Ba-Harb * 1036-1067 :

Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar I Fakhr, also Fakhar or Faḵr ( ar, فخر), may be a given name or a surname. It literally means "pride", "honor", "glory" in Arabic. It may also be a part of a given name such as Fakhr al-Din, "pride of the faith". Notable people with the name ...

* 1067-1092 : Ardashir * 1092-1132:

Hazarasp I Hazorasp ( uz, Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (russian: Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp ( fa, هزار اسپ, meaning ''"thousand horses"''), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative c ...

* 1117-1168 :

Shahrivash Shahrivash ( fa, شهریوَش), also known as Shahrnush ( fa, شهرنوش), was the ruler of the Paduspanid dynasty from 1117 to 1168. He was the son and successor of Hazarasp I. Biography In 1140, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmad Sanjar sent an army ...

* 1168-1184 : Kai Ka'us I * 1184-1190 :

Hazarasp II Hazorasp ( uz, Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (russian: Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp ( fa, هزار اسپ, meaning ''"thousand horses"''), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative c ...

* 1190-1209 :

Bavandid The Bavand dynasty () (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian peoples, Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating betwe ...

occupation * 1209-1213 : Zarrin-Kamar II * 1213 -1223 :

Bisutun I Bisutun () (died 977) was the ruler of the Ziyarids (967–977). He was the eldest son of Vushmgir. Biography During his father's lifetime, Bisutun was the governor of Tabaristan. Upon Vushmgir's death in 967 during a hunting expedition, he went t ...

* 1223-1242/1243 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar II * Died in 1242 : Hosam al-Dawla Ardashir * 1242- ???? :

Iskandar I Iskandar, Iskander, Askander, Eskinder, or Scandar ( ar, إسكندر ( fa, اسکندر ''Eskandar'' or سکندر ''Skandar''), is a variant of the given name Alexander in cultures such as Iran (Persia), Arabia and others throughout the Middle Ea ...

* 1242-1272 : Shahragim * 1272-1301 :

Namawar Shah Ghazi Namawar Shah Ghazi was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1272/3 to 1301/2. He was the son and successor of Shahragim. An obscure ruler, he died in 1301/2 and was succeeded by his brother Kay Khusraw Kay Khosrow ( fa, ک ...

* 1301-1311 :

Kay Khusraw Kay Khosrow ( fa, کیخسرو) is a legendary king of Iran of Kayanian dynasty and a character in the Persian epic book, ''Shahnameh''. He was the son of the Iranian prince Siavash who married princess Farangis of Turan while in exile. Be ...

* 1311-1317 :

Shams al-Muluk Muhammad Shams al-Muluk Muhammad was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1312/3 to 1317. He was the son and successor of Kay Khusraw. A devout ruler, he sought to associate himself with religious scholars, and also laid the foundations t ...

* 1317-1324 :

Nasir al-Din Shahriyar Nasir al-Din Shahriyar was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1317 to 1325. He was the brother and successor of Shams al-Muluk Muhammad. During his reign, Shahriyar cut all contact with the Mongol Ilkhanate, and supported his br ...

* 1324-1333 :

Taj al-Dawla Ziyar Taj al-Dawla Ziyar was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1325 to 1333. He succeeded to the throne after instigating the murder of his predecessor and brother Nasir al-Din Shahriyar through his son Iskandar. He defeated his broth ...

* 1333-1359 : Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar * 1359-1378 :

Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi was the Baduspanid ruler (''ustandar'') of Rustamdar from 1360 to 1379. He is notable for sponsoring the composition of the history chronicle ''Tarikh-i Ruyan'' by Awliya Allah Amuli. He died in 1379 and was succeeded by hi ...

* 1378-1379 : Adud al-Dawla Qubad * 1379-1391 : Mar'ashi occupation * 1391-1394 : Sa'd al-Dawla Tus * 1399-1453 :

Nur branch

* 1453-1467 : Ka'us II * 1467-1499 :

Jahangir I Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim (30 August 1569 – 28 October 1627), known by his imperial name Jahangir (; ), was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who ruled from 1605 until he died in 1627. He was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti. Ea ...

* 1499-1507 :

Bisutun II Bisutun () (died 977) was the ruler of the Ziyarids (967–977). He was the eldest son of Vushmgir. Biography During his father's lifetime, Bisutun was the governor of Tabaristan. Upon Vushmgir's death in 967 during a hunting expedition, he went to ...

* 1507-1550 :

Bahman of Tabaristan Bahman ( fa, بهمن, ) is the eleventh and penultimate month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Bahman has thirty days. It begins in January and ends in February of the Gregorian calendar. The month is ...

* 1550-1576 : Kayumarth IV * 1582-1586 :

Sultan Aziz Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

* 1586-1593/1594 :

Jahangir III Jahangir III ( fa, جهانگیر), was the last ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Nur. He was the son and successor of Sultan Aziz. In 1593/94, he traveled to the court of the Safavid Shah Abbas I Abbas I ( fa, ; 27 January 157119 January 162 ...

Kojur branch

* 1453-1476 :

Iskandar IV Iskandar, Iskander, Askander, Eskinder, or Scandar ( ar, إسكندر ( fa, اسکندر ''Eskandar'' or سکندر ''Skandar''), is a variant of the given name Alexander in cultures such as Iran (Persia), Arabia and others throughout the Middle Ea ...

* 1476-1491 : Taj-al-Dawla ibn Iskandar * 1491-1507 :

Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, fr ...

* 1507-1543 :

Ka'us III Ka'us III ( fa, کاووس), was the fourth ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla. Biography During his reign, relations with the Kia'id Khan Ahmad Khan flourished, and by 1514 family ties ...

* 1543-1555 :

Kayumarth III Kayumarth III ( fa, کیومرث), was the fifth ruler of the Paduspanid branch of Kojur. He was the son and successor of Ka'us III. Biography During the reign of Kayumarth's father, Ka'us III, the latter had Kayumarth imprisoned for unknown reaso ...

* 1555-1567 : Jahangir II * 1568-1590 :

Sultan Mohammad ibn Jahangir Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it c ...

* 1590-1598 : Jahangir IV

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Sasanian Empire