A backdraft (
North American English) or backdraught (
British English)
is the abrupt
burning
Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combusti ...
of superheated gases in a
fire caused when
oxygen rapidly enters a hot, oxygen-depleted environment; for example, when a window or door to an enclosed space is opened or broken. Backdrafts are typically seen as a blast of smoke and/or flame out of an opening of a building. Backdrafts present a serious threat to
firefighter
A firefighter is a first responder and rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property, and the environment as well as to rescue people and in some cases or jurisdictions also ...
s. There is some debate concerning whether backdrafts should be considered a type of
flashover.
Burning
When material is heated enough, it begins to break down into smaller compounds, including flammable or even explosive gas, typically
hydrocarbons. This is called
pyrolysis, and does not require oxygen. If oxygen is also provided, then the hydrocarbons can combust, starting a
fire.
If material undergoing pyrolysis is later given sufficient oxygen, the hydrocarbons will ignite, and therefore,
combustion takes place.
Cause
A backdraft can occur when a compartment fire has little or no ventilation. Due to this, little or no oxygen can flow into the compartment. Then, because fires reduce oxygen, the oxygen concentration decreases. When the oxygen concentration becomes too low to support combustion, some or all of the combustion switches to pyrolysis. However, the hydrocarbons and smoke (primarily
particulate matter
Particulates – also known as atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM) or suspended particulate matter (SPM) – are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. The ter ...
) remain at a temperature hot enough to
auto-ignite. If oxygen is then re-introduced to the compartment, e.g. by opening a door or window to a closed room, while the gasses are still hot enough to auto-ignite, combustion will restart, often abruptly or even explosively, as the gasses are heated by the combustion and expand rapidly because of the rapidly increasing temperature, combined with the energy released from combustion.
The colour and movement of smoke is used by firefighters to infer fire conditions, including the risk of backdraft.
Characteristic warning signs of a backdraft include yellow or brown smoke, smoke which exits small holes in puffs (a sort of breathing effect) and is often found around the edges of doors and windows, and windows which appear brown or black when viewed from the exterior due to soot from incomplete combustion. This is an indication that the room lacks enough oxygen to permit oxidation of the
soot particles. Firefighters often look to see if there is soot on the inside of windows and in any cracks in the window (caused e.g. by the heat). The windows may also have a slight vibration due to varying
pressure within the compartment due to intermittent combustion.
If firefighters discover a room sucking air into itself, for example through a crack, they generally evacuate immediately, because this is a strong indication that a backdraft is imminent. Due to pressure differences, puffs of smoke are sometimes drawn back into the enclosed space from which they emanated, which is how the term ''backdraft'' originated.
Backdrafts are very dangerous,
often surprising even experienced firefighters. The most common tactic used by firefighters to defuse a potential backdraft is to
ventilate a room from its highest point, allowing the heat and smoke to escape without igniting.
Common signs of imminent backdraft include a sudden inrush of air upon an opening into a compartment being created, lack of visible signs of flame (fire above its upper
flammability limit), "pulsing" smoke plumes from openings and auto-ignition of hot gases at openings where they mix with oxygen in the surrounding air.
Backdrafts and flashovers
Although ISO 13943
defines
flashover as "transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure", a broad definition that embraces several different scenarios, including backdrafts, there is nevertheless considerable disagreement regarding whether or not backdrafts should be properly considered flashovers.
The most common use of the term flashover is to describe the near-simultaneous ignition of material caused by heat attaining the
autoignition temperature
The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature in which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. This temperature is required to su ...
of the combustible material and gases in an enclosure. Flashovers of this type are not backdrafts as they are caused by thermal change. Backdrafts are caused by the introduction of oxygen into an enclosed space with conditions already suitable for ignition, and are thus caused by chemical change.
In popular culture
Backdrafts were publicized by the 1991 movie ''
Backdraft'', in which a serial
arson
Arson is the crime of willfully and deliberately setting fire to or charring property. Although the act of arson typically involves buildings, the term can also refer to the intentional burning of other things, such as motor vehicles, wat ...
ist in Chicago was using them as a means of
assassinating
Assassination is the murder of a prominent or important person, such as a head of state, head of government, politician, world leader, member of a royal family or CEO. The murder of a celebrity, activist, or artist, though they may not have a ...
conspirators in a scam.
In the film adaptation of Stephen King's ''
1408
Year 1408 ( MCDVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* February 19 – Battle of Bramham Moor: A royalist army defeats the last remnants of ...
'', the protagonist Mike Enslin induces one as a last-ditch effort to kill the room.
The term is also used and is the title of a scene in the 2012 video game ''
Root Double: Before Crime * After Days''.
References
External links
A backdraft (still image and video)
Slow Motion Backdraftvideo
Daniel's Block Fire-BACKDRAFT
{{Fire protection
Combustion
Fire
Fire protection
Firefighting
Public safety
Thermodynamics