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Babolsar () is a city in the Central District of Babolsar County,
Mazandaran Mazandaran Province (; ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Sari, Iran, Sari. Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range and Hyrcanian forests, it is border ...
province,
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is along the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, described as the List of lakes by area, world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, ...
.


History


Ancient Era

Before
Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
, Mazandaran Province was called Tapuristan (in Pahlavi: ), derived from the name of the
Tapuri tribe Tapuri or Tapyri () were a tribe in the Medes south of the Caspian Sea mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian. Ctesias refers to the land of Tapuri between the two lands of Cadusii and Hyrcania. History The name and probable habitations of the Tapur ...
(in
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
: Τάπυροι). After the advent of Islam, they became known as the Tabari people, and their land was named
Tabaristan Tabaristan or Tabarestan (; ; from , ), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It corresponded to the present-day province of Mazandaran, which became the predominant name of the area from the 11th-century onward ...
. Historians believe that the Amardi were the first ancient inhabitants of Mazandaran, with the Amardi residing from Amol to Tonekabon and the Tapurians from Amol to Gorgan. During the
Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (; , , ), was an Iranian peoples, Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Based in modern-day Iran, i ...
, the southern shores of the Caspian Sea were inhabited by the Tapurians,
Amardi The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north, to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed. They are said ...
, Anariacae, and Cadusii. Historians have linked the
Amardi The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north, to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed. They are said ...
to the
Dahae The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans (; ; , ; , ; , ; ; zh, t=大益, p=Dàyì; Persian language, Persian: ) were an Ancient Iranian peoples, ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic tribal confederation, who inhabited the steppes of Ce ...
,
Scythians The Scythians ( or ) or Scyths (, but note Scytho- () in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an Ancient Iranian peoples, ancient Eastern Iranian languages, Eastern Iranian peoples, Iranian Eurasian noma ...
, and
Persians Persians ( ), or the Persian people (), are an Iranian ethnic group from West Asia that came from an earlier group called the Proto-Iranians, which likely split from the Indo-Iranians in 1800 BCE from either Afghanistan or Central Asia. They ...
.
Herodotus Herodotus (; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the '' Histori ...
mentions the Mard tribe (mardes) alongside the Daens (daens), Dropiques (dropiques), and Sagartians (sagarties) as nomadic and desert-dwelling
Persians Persians ( ), or the Persian people (), are an Iranian ethnic group from West Asia that came from an earlier group called the Proto-Iranians, which likely split from the Indo-Iranians in 1800 BCE from either Afghanistan or Central Asia. They ...
.
Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 79), known in English as Pliny the Elder ( ), was a Roman Empire, Roman author, Natural history, naturalist, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the Roman emperor, emperor Vesp ...
, a Greek historian, identified the location of the Amardi in the eastern part of Margania.
Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of Pompey was called "Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Pompeius Strabo". A native of Sicily so clear-si ...
(63 BCE) described the Amardi alongside the Tapurians, Cadusii, and Cyrtii as mountain-dwelling tribes of northern Iran. Strabo wrote: "All regions of this country are fertile except the part towards the north, which is mountainous and rugged and cold, the abode of the mountaineers called Cadusii, Amardi, Tapyri, Cyrtii, and other such peoples, who are migrants and predatory." According to
Vasily Bartold Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold (; – 19 August 1930), who published in the West under his German baptismal name, Wilhelm Barthold, was a Russian orientalist who specialized in the history of Islam and the Turkic peoples ( Turkology). Biogra ...
, the Tapurians lived in the southeastern part of the province and were under Achaemenid rule. The
Amardi The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north, to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed. They are said ...
were defeated by Alexander the Great and later by the Parthians, who resettled them near Ray in the 2nd century BCE. The former lands of the Amardi were granted to the Tapurians. Ptolemy, in his description of Daylam (eastern Gilan), mentioned the Tapurians. According to
Yahya Zoka Yahya may refer to: * Yahya (name), a common Arabic male given name * Yahya (Zaragoza), 11th-century ruler of Zaragoza * Yahya of Antioch, Yahya of Antioch / Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Antaki / Yaḥya ibn Saʿīd al-Anṭākī, 11th century Christian Ara ...
, in "Karvand Kasravi," it is stated that the
Amardi The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north, to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed. They are said ...
or Mardians, during Alexander the Great's campaign in Iran, resided in
Mazandaran Mazandaran Province (; ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Sari, Iran, Sari. Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range and Hyrcanian forests, it is border ...
, and at that time, the Tapurians had not yet arrived. According to Mojtaba Minovi, the Amardi and Tapurians lived in
Mazandaran Province Mazandaran Province (; ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Sari. Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range and Hyrcanian forests, it is bordered clockw ...
, with the Tapurians residing in the mountainous areas and the Amardi in the plains. In 176 BCE, Phraates I of Parthia relocated the Amardi to the Khwar region, and the Tapurians took over the entire Mazandaran area, which was then named Tapuristan. The city acquired its current name in 1927. The city's historic name is ''Mašhad-e Sar'' or ''Mashhadsar'', meaning "the special way to
Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...
, referring to the only road connecting the northwest of Iran to the northeast, including Mashhad, which passed through Babolsar. By the 18th century, Babolsar had become a busy commercial port. During the reign of
Nadir Shah Nader Shah Afshar (; 6 August 1698 or 22 October 1688 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was a ...
, it was the base for Iran's Caspian fleet. By 1909, the port yielded 12 percent of the total customs revenue of Iran. However, by 1895, ports in
Gilan Gilan Province () is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country and southwest of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Rasht. The province lies along the Caspian Sea, in Iran's Region 3, west of the province of ...
were already competing with Babolsar. During
Reza Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi born Reza Khan (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the roughly 53 years old Pahlavi dynasty. Originally a military officer, he became a politician, serving as minister of war an ...
's reign, Babolsar lost much of its remaining trade to the new port of Bandar-e Shah at the terminus of the trans-Iranian railroad. The cargo handled at Babolsar in the years of 1935 and 1936 was only 25,000 tons. A modern quarter and a hotel were built during this period. The end of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
brought a new era of vitality to the city as a summer seaside resort for people from
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
, which gave rise to a new phase of rapid expansion. Babolsar's population increased from about 3,500 in 1946 to 11,781 in 1966 and 18,810 in 1976.


Demographics


Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 47,872 in 13,442 households. The following census in 2011 counted 50,477 people in 15,583 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 59,966 people in 19,576 households.


Geography


Location

Babolsar is located on the southern coast of the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, described as the List of lakes by area, world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, ...
.The distance between Babolsar and Tehran (Iran's capital) is about 228 km, and it takes about 3.5 to 4 hours to reach this city. Since the Babol river passes through the city, both the bank of the river and the beach of the sea form tourist attractions in the city. The city is home to the major faculties of the University of Mazandaran.


Climate

Babolsar has a subtropical
Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate ( ), also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen and Trewartha as ''Cs'', is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude). Such climates typic ...
(
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (1951–2014), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author ...
: ''Csa'', Trewartha: ''Cs''), with hot, steamy, but mostly dry summers and cool winters. Rainfall may occur at any time of the year but is heaviest in autumn and winter.


Tourist attractions

The city is popular because of its many hotels and villas as well as the Darya Kenar Town, located 5 kilometers outside Babolsar, were many Iranians vacation. * Babolsar Suspended Car Bridge (Illuminated metal bridge) * Babolsar Seaside * Babol Roud * University of Mazandaran Building * Khazar Shahr * Narjes School * Imamzadeh Ibrahim * Azizak Lagoon * Miroud * Babolsar Boating Pier * Babolsar Cable Bridge * Zoo Garden Shapoor Dashad * Kar Fun * Clock tower * Sea Buses Stop * Bowling and Billiard Games * Mizban Hotel (5 & 4 Stars) and (Coastal) Babolsar coastal boulevard Along this 4-kilometer boulevard, a place for public sports, jogging or running has given this green boulevard in the west of Babul Rud a special vitality and there are 10 beach parking lots, a beach hotel at the end of the boulevard and a delicious street in the 4th parking lot and many attractions. Sea buses One of the most important tourist attractions of Babolsar is the presence of sea bus stops next to Babolrud. These sea buses take tourists from Babolrud to the sea side and explore the sea for less than an hour. Pedestrian cable-stayed bridge This bridge is 92 meters long, 5 meters wide, has two pylons with a height of 18 meters. One of the most unique tourist attractions that takes place from mid-autumn to late winter in Babulrud is the presence of a multitude of seagulls that create beautiful landscapes with their gathering and movement. Generous people on the cable bridge also crystalize the visual beauty by giving bread crumbs and food that is accompanied by the rotation of seagulls. Important shopping centers in Babolsar Two traditional markets (bazar) in the city center on Shahid Rajaee street- Palm line shopping center facing Khazarshahr - Persia shopping center - Tetis (Saleh) shopping center - Negin shopping center - Semi-finished Europe shopping center - Bozorgmehr shopping Center- Iran Katan store - Family clothing store- Babol carpet store and there are many stores in the west of Babolsar city on Pasdaran Street and from Moalem Square to near Fereydunkenar city and other cases. Significant number of towers The presence of a significant number of towers in the city of Babolsar has given this city a modern face, Although environmental standards must be observed.


Education


Universities

University of Mazandaran (UMZ), currently the largest state higher education center in the province of Mazandaran, had formerly consisted of a number of tertiary education centers. In 1979 the centers were officially merged to form what is now known as University of Mazandaran. In recent years, UMZ has made significant progress, expanding itself with vision both qualitatively and quantitatively. It presently includes 12 faculties on its campus: Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Sciences, Faculty of Marine and Oceanic Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, and Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism. UMZ has now about 12,000 students who are currently studying at undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate levels and over 400 faculty members teaching and researching at different faculties of the university.


Sister city

*
Gaeta Gaeta (; ; Southern Latian dialect, Southern Laziale: ''Gaieta'') is a seaside resort in the province of Latina in Lazio, Italy. Set on a promontory stretching towards the Gulf of Gaeta, it is from Rome and from Naples. The city has played ...


See also


References

* entry in the
Encyclopædia Iranica ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times. Scope The ''Encyc ...
{{Babolsar County, state=collapsed Populated places in Babolsar County Cities in Mazandaran province Populated coastal places in Iran Populated places on the Caspian Sea Port cities and towns in Iran Port cities and towns of the Caspian Sea