Baalberge Group
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The Baalberge Group (
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
: ''Baalberger Kultur'', also ''Baalberge-Kultur'') was a late
neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...
"culture" in Central Germany and Bohemia between 4000 and 3150 BC. Because of issues with the archaeological use of the term
culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...
it is now often referred to as the Baalberge Ceramic style (''Baalberger Keramikstil''). It is named after its first findspot: on the Schneiderberg at Baalberge,
Salzlandkreis Salzland is a district in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its area is . It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts Harz, Börde, Magdeburg, Jerichower Land, Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Mansfeld-Südharz and Saalekreis. History ...
,
Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt ( ; ) is a States of Germany, state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of and has a population of 2.17 million inhabitants, making it the List of German states ...
. The Baalberge group is generally seen as part of the
Funnelbeaker culture The Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture, in short TRB or TBK (, ; ; ), was an archaeological culture in north-central Europe. It developed as a technological merger of local neolithic and mesolithic techno-complexes between the lower Elbe and middle V ...
. In the Middle Elbe/Saale region it is part of Funnelbeaker phase TRB-MES II and III.


History and scholarship

An early example of the Funnelbeaker culture, the Baalberge ceramic style dates between 3800 - 3400 BC and belongs to the central German funnelbeaker phases TRB-MES II (3800-3500 BC) and TRB-MES III (3500-3350 BC). It developed out of phase TRB-MES I (4100-3800 BC), innovating under the influence of western influences (
Michelsberg culture The Michelsberg culture () is an important Neolithic Europe, Neolithic Archaeological culture, culture in Central Europe. Its dates are c. 4400–3500 BC. Its conventional name is derived from that of an important Excavation (archaeology), excavat ...
and the southeastern, late
Lengyel culture __NOTOC__ The Lengyel culture is an archaeological culture of the European Neolithic, centered on the Middle Danube in Central Europe. It flourished from 5000 to 4000 BC, ending with phase IV, e.g., in Bohemia represented by the ' Jordanow/Jord ...
). A more complex society developed after 3350 BC in the TRB-MES IV phase, with distinct decorative styles ( Salzmünd group and Walternienburg-Bernburg Culture). The Baalberge culture was first identified as a distinct group on the grounds of pottery types by Nils Niklasson and Paul Kupka. Before this it had been included in the
Bernburg Bernburg (Saale) () is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, capital of the Salzlandkreis district. The former residence of the Anhalt-Bernburg princes is known for its Renaissance castle. Geography The town centre is situated in the fertile Magdeb ...
type. Kupka grouped the finds belonging to the Baalberge culture together under the name "Central German Stilthouse Pottery" (''mitteldeutsche Pfahlbaukeramik''). Paul Grimm followed this with the first division of the material into Early, High, Late and Pre-Unetice periods in 1937. Paul Kupka and C.J. Becker put the Baalberg group in parallel with the northern Funnelbeaker culture. Joachim Preuß divided the Baalberg culture into an older and later phase using burial practices and pottery typologies. Scientific data indicates however that the divisions do not indicate chronological differences. According to Johannes Müller they instead show different social groups.
Marija Gimbutas Marija Gimbutas (, ; January 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was a Lithuanian archaeology, archaeologist and anthropologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Old European Culture, Old Europe" and for her Kurgan ...
and her followers argue that the Baalberg culture was an intrusive hybrid culture deriving ultimately from the Eurasian steppe, part of the
Kurgan hypothesis The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and part ...
. In that case it would have been an
Indo-European The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the northern Indian subcontinent, most of Europe, and the Iranian plateau with additional native branches found in regions such as Sri Lanka, the Maldives, parts of Central Asia (e. ...
-speaking culture. Some aspects of Baalberge burials might support this theory, such as the presence of pottery allegedly influenced by the
Baden culture The Baden culture or Baden-Pécel culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture dating to 3520–2690 BC. It is found in Central and Southeast Europe, and is in particular known from Moravia (Czech Republic), Romania, Hungary, southern Pola ...
(an Indo-Europeanised culture according to Gimbutas) and the
Bodrogkeresztúr culture The Bodrogkeresztúr culture was a middle Chalcolithic Europe, Copper Age culture which flourished in the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, in the territory of present-day Hungary and Romania from 4000 to 3600 BC. The Bodrogkeresztúr culture ...
and the posture of the corpses, laid on their right hand side with their legs pulled up - a posture typical of the "
Yamna culture The Yamnaya ( ) or Yamna culture ( ), also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–C ...
." But other aspects of the burials are very different from burials in the east, such as the placement of the hands over the mouth in an eating gesture (which is unknown in authentic kurgan sites) and the much less marked use of red
ochre Ochre ( ; , ), iron ochre, or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colou ...
. In particular, there are no signs of the steppe
kurgans A kurgan is a type of tumulus (burial mound) constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons, and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, kurgans spread into mu ...
that characterise the
Kurgan culture The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and part ...
. Finally, comparative anatomy suggests the deceased came from a locally derived population, not from the east. Mallory therefore considers the Baalberge group a local development.


Distribution

The main distribution area is the central Elbe-Saale region. Further finds occur in
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV; ; ), also known by its Anglicisation, anglicized name Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, is a Federated state, state in the north-east of Germany. Of the country's States of Germany, sixteen states, Mecklenburg-Vorpom ...
and
Brandenburg Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg, is a States of Germany, state in northeastern Germany. Brandenburg borders Poland and the states of Berlin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Saxony. It is the List of Ger ...
. A distinctive variant is also known from
Bohemia Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. In a narrow, geographic sense, it roughly encompasses the territories of present-day Czechia that fall within the Elbe River's drainage basin, but historic ...
, of which numerous individual finds extend as far as
Lower Austria Lower Austria ( , , abbreviated LA or NÖ) is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Major cities are Amstetten, Lower Austria, Amstetten, Krems an der Donau, Wiener Neustadt and Sankt Pölten, which ...
. The distribution area extends further to the north than that of the
Rössen culture The Rössen culture or Roessen culture () is a Central European Archaeological culture, culture of the Neolithic Europe, middle Neolithic (4,600–4,300 BC). It is named after the necropolis of Rössen (part of Leuna, in the Saalekreis district, ...
. The whole settlement area is self-contained.


Settlements

Settlements are only barely known. Usually they contain waste pits with characteristic material (clay, stone, bone material), hearths, and the
posthole This page is a glossary of archaeology, the study of the human past from material remains. A B C D E F ...
s of a few individual houses in rather extended settlements (Braunsdorf,
Merseburg Merseburg () is a town in central Germany in southern Saxony-Anhalt, situated on the river Saale, and approximately 14 km south of Halle (Saale) and 30 km west of Leipzig. It is the capital of the Saalekreis district. It had a diocese ...
). Houses are rectangular or square and of medium size.
Pit-house A pit-house (or pit house, pithouse) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter. Besides providing shelter from the most extreme of weather conditions, this type of earth shelter may also be used to store food (just like a pantry, a l ...
s are rectangular or oval. Other pits were used for storage, waste disposal and sacrifices. A large settlement in Pirkau,
Hohenmölsen Hohenmölsen () is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approximately 10 km southeast of Weißenfels, and 27 km southwest of Leipzig. The town Hohenmölsen consists of Hohenmölsen proper and ...
was found in emergency excavations but provides no evidence of houses. There were also finds at the settlement built at Dölauer Heide in Halle which is surrounded by an embankment.


Material culture

The Baalberge group is largely made up of undecorated wares with clearly defined neck, shoulder and lower parts. They have a very round profile, varying between egg-shaped, biconical, and bulbous, with clearly differentiated bases. Incised and stamped patterns occur around the neck and shoulder. The pottery types, generally used as funerary items, were very well represented at Dölauer Heide in Halle. A grey-brown leatherlike finish is typical of the Baalberge culture. When broken, the sherds reveal a dark grey to black fabric. The complete ceramic inventory forms a self-contained type region in the usage area of the Baalberg culture. The main forms are: *Amphorae: with two, four and multiple handles *Pitchers: Baalberg is the first culture which has pitchers. The necks are usually trefoil shaped. *Cups: usually with small footprints. *Funnelbeakers: tall and slim with small footprints *Bowls: angle-lipped bowls, wide funnel lip bowls with distinct feet and carinated bowls *Pottery tools: ladles and spoons Stone tools: *Short, squat, round-necked axes from Chörau in
Köthen Köthen () is a town in Germany. It is the capital of the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, about north of Halle. Köthen is the location of the main campus and the administrative centre of the regional university, Anhalt Univers ...
and Warle in
Wolfenbüttel Wolfenbüttel (; ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District Wolfenbüttel (; ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel (district), Wolfenbüttel Distri ...
, *Flat stone hatchets with rounded rectangular cross-sections, *Flint tools like crosscutters, three-point arrow heads (Quenstedt, Hettstedt), knives and knife-sharpeners. The metal finds associated with the Baalberge culture are among the oldest in the central German Neolithic.


Economy

The economy was unspecialised agriculture and pastoralism. Crops included
emmer Emmer is a hybrid species of wheat, producing edible seeds that have been used as food since ancient times. The domesticated types are ''Triticum turgidum'' subsp. ''dicoccum'' and ''T. t. ''conv.'' durum''. The wild plant is called ''T. t.'' s ...
,
einkorn Einkorn wheat (from German ''Einkorn'', literally "single grain") can refer to either a wild species of wheat (''Triticum'') or a domesticated form of wheat. The wild form is ''T. boeoticum'' (syn. ''T. m.'' subsp. ''boeoticum''), and the domes ...
, dwarf wheat, and
barley Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikele ...
. Animals included cattle, pigs, sheep and goats.


Graves and funerary sites

The graves are mostly individual. A large graveyard was found at Zauschwitz, Borna. Double graves and pit graves are also known (e.g. Schalkenburg,
Quenstedt Quenstedt is a village and a former municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North S ...
). Unusual forms include settlement burials and partial burials. In addition to simple earth graves, innovative forms with architectural elements also appear. The first
tumulus A tumulus (: tumuli) is a mound of Soil, earth and Rock (geology), stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, mounds, howes, or in Siberia and Central Asia as ''kurgans'', and may be found through ...
graves in central Germany also come from this culture. Baalberge is the first culture in which
megalith A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. More than 35,000 megalithic structures have been identified across Europe, ranging geographically f ...
ic influences in the form of grave complexes, tumulus enclosures, and
cist In archeology, a cist (; also kist ; ultimately from ; cognate to ) or cist grave is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. In some ways, it is similar to the deeper shaft tomb. Examples occur ac ...
s can be detected. At the same time, heavy cits sunk in the ground or raised above it and slab graves are rare. Other grave elements can be detected, such as stone packing, wooden fittings and the combination of stone and wooden components. Tumulus graves contain earth and stone cist graves as primary burials. In the gravemound at Latdorf in Bernburg, a narrow stone cist was found which was surrounded by a 25 metre long trapezoidal barrow. The earthen graves of the Baalberge culture usually contain inhumations, with the bodies nearly always laid out on a west-east orientation flexed on their right side. Some inhumations were enclosed in square or trapezoidal ditches. In 1966, J. Preuß recorded 116 grave-complexes in the central German habitation area.Joachim Preuß. Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa. Kulturen - Wirtschaft - Umwelt vom 6. bis 3. Jahrtausend v. u. Z. (Weißenbach, Beier und Beran 1996). The grave-complex at Stemmem excavated by W. Matthias in 1952 is 16.4 m long and squared at both ends and was the first enclosure grave recognised as a Baalberge burial. In 1983, G. Möbes published a number of new finds from
Thuringia Thuringia (; officially the Free State of Thuringia, ) is one of Germany, Germany's 16 States of Germany, states. With 2.1 million people, it is 12th-largest by population, and with 16,171 square kilometers, it is 11th-largest in area. Er ...
. In Großbrembach in Sömmerda a nearly square complex with rounded corners measuring 10.8 x 10.4 metres contains two crouching inhumations lying on their right sides and oriented south-north. The grave ditch was described as partially flat, partially trough shaped. Bright bands in the soil filling seem to indicate the inflow of water. Unetice stone packed graves around it indicate that the flat barrow must have remained well known. A similar complex was investigated in 1974 at Sommerberg near Großfahner in the proximity of
Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital (political), capital and largest city of the Central Germany (cultural area), Central German state of Thuringia, with a population of around 216,000. It lies in the wide valley of the Gera (river), River Gera, in the so ...
. It was a 19/17 x 15.5/14.5 metre trapezoid containing a 2.3 metre wide grave. The west side was overlapped by a small burial hut of the
Corded Ware culture The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between  – 2350 BC, thus from the Late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age. Corded Ware culture encompassed a vast area, from t ...
with several skeletons. This Corded Ware grave in the centre also shows that the main tomb must have remained well known even 1000 years after its construction. This reuse by later cultures, including the
Globular Amphora culture The Globular Amphora culture (GAC, (KAK); c. 3400–2800 BC, is an archaeological culture in Central Europe. Marija Gimbutas assumed an Indo-European origin, though this is contradicted by newer genetic studies that show a connection to the earli ...
and the Unetice culture, is common. Pottery was found as grave goods, including combinations of
pitchers In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws (" pitches") the baseball from the pitcher's mound toward the catcher to begin each play, with the goal of retiring a batter, who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw ...
and
cup A cup is an open-top vessel (container) used to hold liquids for drinking, typically with a flattened hemispherical shape, and often with a capacity of about . Cups may be made of pottery (including porcelain), glass, metal, wood, stone, pol ...
s.


Religion and Cult

A belief in an
afterlife The afterlife or life after death is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's Stream of consciousness (psychology), stream of consciousness or Personal identity, identity continues to exist after the death of their ...
(perhaps in the grave) is suggested by the grave goods. Cultic finds include charred remains of human and animal skeletons in a pit at Melchendorf in
Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital (political), capital and largest city of the Central Germany (cultural area), Central German state of Thuringia, with a population of around 216,000. It lies in the wide valley of the Gera (river), River Gera, in the so ...
. At Wansleben in Eilsleben an upright human skull between two sandstone plates and below a plate covered in cattle horns attests to the practice of skull deposition.


Genetics

Mathieson et al. (2015) found two males carrying the paternal haplogroups I2 and R1b1b=R-PF6323, V88. Beside this, other teams only found many mtDNA examples between 3900 and 3150 BC.


Bibliography

General Overview * Hermann Behrens. ''Die Jungsteinzeit im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet'' (= ''Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle.'' Vol 27). Berlin 1973. (outdated) * Paul Grimm. "Die Baalberger Kultur in Mitteldeutschland." ''Mannus'', Vol. 19, 1937, pp. 155–187. * Thomas Kubenz. "Baalberger Kultur." in Hans-Jürgen Beier and Ralph Einicke (edd.). ''Das Neolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Eine Übersicht und ein Abriß zum Stand der Forschung''. Verlag Beier & Beran. Wilkau-Hasslau. 1994. , pp. 113-128. *
Cultural Association of the GDR The Cultural Association of the GDR (, KB) was a federation of local clubs in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). It formed part of the Socialist Unity Party-led National Front, and sent representatives to the Volkskammer. The association had ...
(Ed.). ''Typentafeln zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte'' dited by R. Feustel/S. Barthel Weimar 1972. *
J. P. Mallory James Patrick Mallory (born October 25, 1945) is an American archaeologist and Indo-Europeanist. Mallory is an emeritus professor at Queen's University, Belfast; a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and the former editor of the '' Journal of ...
, "Baalberge group", ''
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture The ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture'' (''EIEC'') is an encyclopedia of Indo-European studies and the Proto-Indo-Europeans. The encyclopedia was edited by J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams and published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn. A ...
'', Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. * Gerhard Mildenberger. ''Studien zum mitteldeutschen Neolithikum.'' Leipzig 1953. * Joachim Preuß. ''Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa. Kulturen - Wirtschaft - Umwelt vom 6. bis 3. Jahrtausend v. u. Z.'' (Weißenbach, Beier und Beran 1996). * Joachim Preuß. "Die chronologische Stellung der Baalberger, Salzmünder und Walternienburger Gruppe innerhalb der Trichterbecherkultur Mitteldeutschlands." in
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic The Czech Academy of Sciences (abbr. CAS, , abbr. AV ČR) was established in 1992 by the Czech National Council as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and its tradition goes back to the Royal Bohemian Society of ...
(Ed.). ''L'Europe à la fin de l'âge de la pierre: Actes du Symposium consacré aux problèmes du Néolithique européen, Prague, Liblice, Brno 5.-12.10.1959.'' Prag 1961, pp. 405–413. * Joachim Preuß. ''Die Baalberger Gruppe in Mitteldeutschland.'' Berlin 1966. Chronology * Jan Lichardus. ''Rössen - Gatersleben - Baalberge. Ein Beitrag zur Gliederung des mitteldeutschen Neolithikums und zur Entstehung der Trichterbecher-Kulturen'' (Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Vol. 17). Bonn 1976; reviewed by Ulrich Fischer in ''Germania'' Vol. 56, 1978, pp. 574-581. * Johannes Müller. ''Radiocarbonchronologie – Keramiktechnologie – Osteologie - Anthropologie-Raumanalyse. Beiträge zum Neolithikum und zur Frühbronzezeit im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet.'' 80. Ber. RGK 1999, pp.25-211. * Johannes Müller. ''Soziochronologische Studien zum Jung- und Spätneolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet (4100-2700 v. Chr.)'' (Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen Vol. 21). Rahden, Leidorf 2001. Material culture * Heinz Knöll. "Die Trichterbecher und ihre Beziehungen zu einigen neolithischen Kulturen Mitteldeutschlands." ''Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte'', Vol. 38, 1954, pp. 40–48. * Paul Kupka. "Alter, Wesen und Verbreitung der mitteldeutschen Steinzeittonware. Nachträgliches und Ergänzendes." ''Beiträge zur Geschichte, Landes und Volkskunde der Altmark'', Vol. 5 (1925–1930), 1928, pp. 201–262. * Paul Kupka. "Die Wurzeln der mitteldeutschen Steinzeittonware." ''Beiträge zur Geschichte, Landes und Volkskunde der Altmark'', Vol. 4 (1915–1925), 1922, pp. 364–384. * Paul Kupka. "Neue aufschlußreiche Schönfelder Gräber von Kleimöringen im Kreis Stendal." ''Beiträge zur Geschichte, Landes und Volkskunde der Altmark'', Vol. 7 (1938–1941), 1940, pp. 139–167. * Detlef W. Müller. "Frühes Kupfer und Baalberge. Betrachtungen zu einem Grabfund aus Unseburg, Kr. Staßfurt." ''Ausgrabungen und Funde'', Vol. 35, 1990, pp. 166–171. * Nils Niklasson. "Neue Ausgrabungen in Rössen." ''Mannus'', Vol. 11/12, 1920/21, pp. 309–337. * Nils Niklasson. ''Studien über die Walternienburg-Bernburger Kultur 1'' (= ''Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte'', Band 13). Halle (Saale) 1925. Building works * Kirstin Funke. ''Die Trapezgrabenanlagen der Baalberger Kultur von Großlehna-Altranstädt und Zwenkau, Lkr. Leipziger Land.'' 2 Vols., Halle (Saale) 2000. * Oliver Rück. "Die baalbergezeitliche Kreisgrabenanlage Belleben I (Salzlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt). Die Ausgrabungen 2009 bis 2011 – Vorbericht und erste Ergebnisse." In Martin Hinz, Johannes Müller (Edd.). ''Siedlung Grabenwerk Großsteingrab. Frühe Monumentalität und Soziale Differenzierung.'' Vol. 2, Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn 2012, , pp. 389–410. Grave complexes and burial customs * Ulrich Fischer. ''Die Gräber der Steinzeit im Saale-Gebiet. Studien über neolithische und frühbronzezeitliche Grab- und Bestattungsformen in Sachsen-Thüringen'' (= ''Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen'', Band 15). Berlin 1956. * Paul Höfer. "Baalberge." ''Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte'', Vol. 1, 1902, pp. 16–49. * Dieter Kaufmann & Arno Brömme. "Ein Gräberkomplex der Baalberger Gruppe in der Dölauer Heide bei Halle (Saale)." ''Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte'', Vol. 56, 1972, pp. 39–57. * Joachim Preuß. "Ein Grabhügel der Baalberger Gruppe von Preußlitz, Kr. Bernburg." ''Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte'', Vol. 41/42, 1958, pp. 197–202. * Erhard Schröter. "Baalberger Gräber auf der Schalkenburg bei Quenstedt, Kr. Hettstedt." ''Ausgrabungen und Funde'', Vol. 21, 1976, pp. 229–233. * Thomas Weber. "Die Häuser der Toten" ''Archäologie in Sachsen-Anhalt'' Vol. 3. 1993. Anthropology * Kirstin Funke. ''Die Bevölkerung der Baalberger Kultur. Eine Anthropologisch-Archäologische Analyse.'' Halle (Saale) 2007
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.


References


Sources

* *


External links

{{commons category, Baalberge culture
Museum-Digital Sachsen-Anhalt – Objects connected to the "Baalberge Culture (4100-3500 BC)"


* ttp://www.monument.ufg.uni-kiel.de/projekte/mitteldeutsche-kreisgrabenanlagen/ Die mitteldeutschen Kreisgrabenanlagen der Trichterbecherzeit – Genese, Funktion und gesellschaftliche Bedeutung
Großsteingrab Bierberg bei Latdorf
Archaeological cultures of Europe Neolithic cultures of Europe Archaeological cultures in Germany Funnelbeaker culture Archaeology of Saxony-Anhalt