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The Pseudomonadaceae are a
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of
bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micr ...
which includes the genera '' Azomonas'', ''
Azorhizophilus ''Azorhizophilus'' is a genus from the family of Pseudomonadaceae, with one known species (''Azorhizophilus paspali''). References Further reading

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q26225447 Pseudomonadales Monotypic bacteria genera Bacteria gener ...
'', ''
Azotobacter ''Azotobacter'' is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts (and also has hard crust) and may produce large quantities of capsular slime. They are aerobic, free-living soil microbes that play an impo ...
'', '' Mesophilobacter'', ''
Pseudomonas ''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The 348 members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a ...
'' (the type genus), and '' Rugamonas''. The family Azotobacteraceae was recently reclassified into this family.


History

Pseudomonad literally means false unit, being derived from the
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
''pseudo'' ( – false) and ''monas'' (μονος – a single unit). The term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms. Because of their widespread occurrence in nature, the pseudomonads were observed early in the history of
microbiology Microbiology () is the branches of science, scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular organism, unicellular (single-celled), multicellular organism, multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or non-cellular life, acellula ...
. The generic name ''Pseudomonas'' created for these organisms was defined in rather vague terms in 1894 as a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and polar-flagellated bacteria. Soon afterwards, a large number of species was assigned to the genus. Pseudomonads were isolated from many natural niches. New methodology and the inclusion of approaches based on the studies of conservative macromolecules have reclassified many species. ''
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' is a common Bacterial capsule, encapsulated, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative, Aerobic organism, aerobic–facultative anaerobe, facultatively anaerobic, Bacillus (shape), rod-shaped bacteria, bacterium that can c ...
'' is increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance. Studies also suggest the emergence of
antibiotic resistance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from antimicrobials, which are drugs used to treat infections. This resistance affects all classes of microbes, including bacteria (antibiotic resis ...
in ''P. aeruginosa''. In 2000, the complete genome of a ''
Pseudomonas ''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The 348 members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a ...
'' species was sequenced; more recently, the genomes of other species have been sequenced, including ''P. aeruginosa'' PAO1 (2000), '' P. putida'' KT2440 (2002), '' P. fluorescens'' Pf-5 (2005), ''P. fluorescens'' PfO-1, and ''P. entomophila'' L48. Several pathovars of ''
Pseudomonas syringae ''Pseudomonas syringae'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella. As a plant pathology, plant pathogen, it can infect a wide range of species, and exists as over 50 different pathovars, all of which are available to research ...
'' have been sequenced, including pathovar tomato DC3000 (2003), pathovar ''syringae'' B728a (2005), and pathovar ''phaseolica'' 1448A (2005).


Distinguishing characteristics

*
Oxidase positive The oxidase test is used to determine whether an organism possesses the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. The test is used as an aid for the differentiation of '' Neisseria'', '' Moraxella'', '' Campylobacter'' and '' Pasteurella'' species (oxidase posi ...
– due to the presence of the enzyme
cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was , now reclassified as a translocasEC 7.1.1.9 is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes. It is the last enzyme in the Cellular respir ...
. * Nonfermentative * Many metabolise glucose by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway mediated by 6-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and aldolase * Polar flagella, enabling motility * Many members produce derivatives of the fluorescent pigment pyoverdin The presence of oxidase and polar flagella and inability to carry out fermentation differentiate pseudomonads from the
Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae is a large family (biology), family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of Family (taxonomy), family is still a subject of debate, but one class ...
.Krieg, N.R. (Ed.) (1984) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 1. Williams & Wilkins.


References

Pseudomonadales {{Pseudomonadales-stub