Azekah Inscription
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The Azekah Inscription, is a tablet inscription of the reign of
Sennacherib Sennacherib ( or , meaning "Sin (mythology), Sîn has replaced the brothers") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705BC until his assassination in 681BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous A ...
(reigned 705 to 681 BC) discovered in the mid-nineteenth century in the
Library of Ashurbanipal The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, named after Ashurbanipal, the last great king of the Assyrian Empire, is a collection of more than 30,000 clay tablets and fragments containing texts of all kinds from the 7th century BCE, including texts in ...
. It was identified as a single tablet by
Nadav Na'aman Nadav Na'aman (Hebrew language, Hebrew: נדב נעמן; born in 1939 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli archaeologist and historian. He specializes in the study of the Near East in the second and first millenniums Current Era , BCE. His research combin ...
in 1974. It describes an Assyrian campaign by Sennacherib against Hezekiah, King of Judah, including the conquest of
Azekah Azekah (, ''ʿazēqā'') was an ancient town in the Shephela ("lowlands of Judea") guarding the upper reaches of the Valley of Elah, about 26 km (16 mi) northwest of Hebron. The current '' tell'' (ruin) by that name, also known as Tel ...
.


Inscription

The inscription on the combined tablet has been translated as follows:
(3) Ashur, my lord, encouraged me and against the land of Ju ah I marched. Inthe course of my campaign, the tribute of the ki g(s)... (4) […with the migt of Ashur, my lord, the province of with the mig">g(s)... (4) […with the migt of Ashur, my lord, the province of [Hezekah of Judah like [… (5) […">ezek">with the mig">g(s)... (4) […with the migt of Ashur, my lord, the province of [Hezekah of Judah like [… (5) […the city of Azekah, his stronghold, which is between my [bo]rder and the land of Judah [… (6) [like the nest of the eagle? ] located on a mountain ridge, like pointed iron daggers without number reaching high to heaven [… (7) [Its walls] were strong and rivaled the highest mountains, to the (mere) sight, as if from the sky ppears its head? … (8) [by means of beaten (earth) raps, mighty? Battering rams brought near, the work of […], with the attack by foot soldiers, [my] wa[rriors… (9) […] they had seen [the approach of my cav]alry and they had heard the roar of the mighty troops of the god Ashur and [their] he[arts] became afraid (10) [The city Azekah I besieged,I captured, I carried off its spoil, I destroyed, I devastated, [I burned with fire… (11) [ ">he city Azekah I besieged,"> (10) [The city Azekah I besieged,I captured, I carried off its spoil, I destroyed, I devastated, [I burned with fire… (11) [ a royal ci[ty] of the Philistines (Pi-lis-ta-a-a), which [Hezek]iah had captured and strengthed for himself


Transliteration

Na'aman's transliteration of lines 3, 4, 5 and 11 is shown below:
(3) AN.SAR béli u-tak-kil-an-ni-ma a-na KUR Ja- -di lu al-lik iname-ti-iq KASKAL II ja man-da-at-tu sa LU AL MES KUR…. amhur…. (4) […ina da-na?-ni sa AN.SAR EN-ja na-gu-u [sa mHa-za-qi-j">ina_da-n.html" ;"title="AL MES KUR…. amhur…. (4) […ina da-n">AL MES KUR…. amhur…. (4) […ina da-na?-ni sa AN.SAR EN-ja na-gu-u [sa mHa-za-qi-ja-a-u KUR Ja-u-da-a-a GIM [… (5) [… ] URU A-za-qa-a E tuk-la-te-su sa ina bi-ri [t mi-i] s-ri-ja u KUR Ja-u-di [… v (11) [URU GN URU] LUGAL-ti sa KUR Pi-lis-ta-a-a [sa] [m] [Ha]-[za-qi-j] a-a-u e-ki-mu u-dan-ni-nu-su-ma […
Winckler suggested the text referred not to Judah but to "Yadiya" ( Sam'al)


External links

* (
Editio princeps In Textual scholarship, textual and classical scholarship, the ''editio princeps'' (plural: ''editiones principes'') of a work is the first printed edition of the work, that previously had existed only in manuscripts. These had to be copied by han ...
) Nadav Na'aman
Sennacherib's "Letter to God" on His Campaign to Judah
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 214 (Apr., 1974), pp. 25–39. Also a
JSTOR
* Galil, Gershon.
A NEW LOOK AT THE ‘AZEKAH INSCRIPTION
” Revue Biblique (1946-), vol. 102, no. 3, 1995, pp. 321–329
The Inscription tablet in the British Museum

Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction

Biblical Archaeology: Documents for the British Museum: Document 31

SARGON'S AZEKAH INSCRIPTION: THE EARLIEST EXTRABIBLICAL REFERENCE TO THE SABBATH?


References

{{reflist 8th-century BC inscriptions 7th-century BC inscriptions 19th-century archaeological discoveries Assyrian inscriptions 7th century BC in Assyria History of Palestine (region) Library of Ashurbanipal Sennacherib Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum