music Music is generally defined as the The arts, art of arranging sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Exact definition of music, definitions of mu ...

, the axis system is a system of analysis originating in the work of Ernő Lendvai, which he developed in his analysis of the music of

Béla Bartók Béla Viktor János Bartók (; ; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hun ...

. The axis system is "concerned with harmonic and tonal substitution",Cooper, p.29 and posits a novel type of

functional Functional may refer to: * Movements in architecture: ** Functionalism (architecture) ** Form follows function * Functional group, combination of atoms within molecules * Medical conditions without currently visible organic basis: ** Functional s ...

relationship between tones and

chords Chord may refer to: * Chord (music), an aggregate of musical pitches sounded simultaneously ** Guitar chord a chord played on a guitar, which has a particular tuning * Chord (geometry), a line segment joining two points on a curve * Chord ...

. Lendvai's analyses aim to show how chords and tones related by the

intervals Interval may refer to: Mathematics and physics * Interval (mathematics), a range of numbers ** Partially ordered set#Intervals, its generalization from numbers to arbitrary partially ordered sets * A statistical level of measurement * Interval est ...

of a

minor third In music theory, a minor third is a musical interval that encompasses three half steps, or semitones. Staff notation represents the minor third as encompassing three staff positions (see: interval number). The minor third is one of two com ...

and

tritone In music theory, the tritone is defined as a musical interval composed of three adjacent whole tones (six semitones). For instance, the interval from F up to the B above it (in short, F–B) is a tritone as it can be decomposed into the three ad ...

can function as tonal substitutes for one another, and do so in many of Bartók's compositions.

Introduction

In classical and common-practice systems of harmony, certain chord substitutions are recognised and are commonly made use of by composers and arrangers: "certain chords have been able to act as substitutes for others; for example, the

submediant In music, the submediant is the sixth degree () of a diatonic scale. The submediant ("lower mediant") is named thus because it is halfway between tonic and subdominant ("lower dominant") or because its position below the tonic is symmetrical to ...

chord ... can replace the tonic, most familiarly in an interrupted cadence." In his analyses of Bartók's music, Lendvai identifies a novel set of tonal substitutions; substitutions that relate chords and keys in a flat

mediant In music, the mediant (''Latin'': to be in the middle) is the third scale degree () of a diatonic scale, being the note halfway between the tonic and the dominant.Benward & Saker (2003), p.32. In the movable do solfège system, the mediant note ...

relation to one another, and also those related by the tritone, a tonal relationship "normally regarded as the most remote pitch/chord/key area from the tonic." Lendvai argued that these relationships had a naturalistic basis (that is, were not merely an analytical or compositional contrivance), and argued that many of Bartók's compositions made essential use of the tonal substitutability he described. By establishing the veracity of this novel set of relationships, Lendvai "attempts to 'explain' Bartók's chromaticism within a tonally functional model."Cooper, p.30

Terms and definitions

In his analysis, Lendvai groups the twelve tones of the

chromatic scale The chromatic scale (or twelve-tone scale) is a set of twelve pitches (more completely, pitch classes) used in tonal music, with notes separated by the interval of a semitone. Chromatic instruments, such as the piano, are made to produce the ...

into three sets; each set of tones contains those notes that are found at

of a

and

from one another (equivalent to the notes that make up the three possible

diminished seventh chord The diminished seventh chord is a four-note chord (a seventh chord) composed of a root note, together with a minor third, a diminished fifth, and a diminished seventh above the root: (1, 3, 5, 7). For example, the diminished seve ...

s). Thus, there are four notes in each of the three sets, sets which Lendvai refers to as

axes Axes, plural of '' axe'' and of '' axis'', may refer to * ''Axes'' (album), a 2005 rock album by the British band Electrelane * a possibly still empty plot (graphics) A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a g ...

. By way of analogy with

common practice harmony In European art music, the common-practice period is the era of the tonal system. Most of its features persisted from the mid- Baroque period through the Classical and Romantic periods, roughly from 1650 to 1900. There was much stylistic evoluti ...

, the three axes are categorised as tonic, subdominant, and

dominant Domination or dominant may refer to: Society * World domination, which is mainly a conspiracy theory * Colonialism in which one group (usually a nation) invades another region for material gain or to eliminate competition * Chauvinism in which a ...

. Tones related to each other by the interval of a tritone are said to be part of a pair or ''branch'' (e.g. C/F, E/A, etc.). Thus, each of the three axes contains two branches, and are further categorised as either the 'principal' or 'secondary' branch of axes in question. Continuing with the language of axes, the members of each branch are known as "pole and counterpole". Thus, the twelve tones of the chromatic scale are identified in a two-part system of categorisation: each tone is a member of a four note axis (tonic, dominant, and subdominant); each tone is part of a branch within that axis that is either the principal or secondary branch of that axis; and each branch consists of a pole and counterpole.Lendvai, p.5 If 'C' is taken as tonic, then the categorisation proceeds as follows: :

Substitutability

The essential idea behind the axis system is that the axes group together "substituable key areas", and categorises key areas within a particular axis in reference to the strength and appropriateness of their inter-substitutability. Counterpoles that form one branch of an axis are more closely related than the counterpoles of the other branch of that axis: inter-substitutability within a branch is a stronger relationship than between the two branches of an axis. However, each axis possesses a "two-fold affinity", one being the relationship between pole and counterpole, the other being the relationship between the principal branch with the secondary branch. The relation between pole and counterpole, "its closest replacement" is judged to be stronger much more sensitive than the relation between the other poles of an axis, and due to this Lendvai states that "a pole is always interchangeable with its counterpole without any change in its function." Essential to Lendvai's conception of the axis system and the relationships it describes is the idea that "the particular axes should not be considered as chords of the diminished seventh, but as the functional relationships of four different tonalities, which may best be compared to the ''major-minor'' relations of classical music (e.g. C major and A minor, E major and C minor)."

Analysis of ''Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta''

The form of the first movement of ''

Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta ''Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta'', Sz. 106, BB 114 is one of the best-known compositions by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. Commissioned by Paul Sacher to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the chamber orchestra ''Basler Kammero ...

'' provides an illustration of axis-based substitution, where the opening is based upon the pole of the principal branch of the tonic axis (A, A-C-E-F), the middle contrasts the opening and the end of the first movement by being based on E. In the second movement the beginning and ending based on C are contrasted with the middle based on its pole F. The two movements themselves are contrasted through the first being based on the principal branch (A-E) and the second on the secondary (C-F). : The pattern Tonic-Super Tonic-Subdominant relationship repeats itself counter clockwise around the circle of fifths. This pattern creates the root movement of a ii/V7/I chord progression. The tonic dominant relationship is repeated around the circle in clockwise fashion.

Composition and analysis with the axis system

It may be noted that each of the above notes forms a descending diminished chord. In the case of I or C, C-A-F-D, or an E fully diminished chord. This connects the axis system not only with diminished chords, which often form the basis for the movement in a piece based on the axis system, but also links the axis system with the diminished scales formed on III of each of the principal tones: root, subdominant, and dominant. The axis system is probably used more in analysis, and less in composition. Uses of the system have a characteristic sound, but that sound is similar to that which can be found in uses of tritone Dominant Substitutions, and Deceptive Cadences using the VII dominant chord. Older systems of harmonic theory segue very easily into the axis system.

The axis system and jazz

Brazilian music, especially the music of

Antonio Carlos Jobim Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular m ...

, uses harmonies that are easily analyzed by the axis system and not easily analyzed in other ways. A great example is the bridge of ''

The Girl from Ipanema "Garota de Ipanema" ("The Girl from Ipanema") is a Brazilian bossa nova and jazz song. It was a worldwide hit in the mid-1960s and won a Grammy for Record of the Year in 1965. It was written in 1962, with music by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Po ...

''. The

tritone substitution The tritone substitution is a common chord substitution found in both jazz and classical music. Where jazz is concerned, it was the precursor to more complex substitution patterns like Coltrane changes. Tritone substitutions are sometimes used ...

, an harmonic device common in jazz chord progressions where a dominant V chord is substituted with a bII7 chord (or a secondary dominant II7 chord with a bVI7 chord, etc.), whose common justification is the enharmonicity of the tritones of both chords (G7 has a B-F tritone whereas Db7 has an enharmonic Cb-F tritone, and both may resolve to C-E), and which is similar to the

German sixth In music theory, an augmented sixth chord contains the interval of an augmented sixth, usually above its bass tone. This chord has its origins in the Renaissance, was further developed in the Baroque, and became a distinctive part of the mus ...

of classical harmony, corresponds to a special case of the classification of functions as established by the Axis system.

References

Sources

*Wilson, Paul (1992). ''The Music of Béla Bartók''. . * *Cooper, David "Bartok: Concerto for Orchestra", ch. 3 ''Genesis and Reception'', CUP {{DEFAULTSORT:Axis System Harmony Classical music analysis