The Avon Wheatbelt is a bioregion in

Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...

. It has an area of . It is considered part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion.

Geography

The Avon Wheatbelt bioregion is mostly a gently undulating landscape with low relief. It lies on the Yilgarn craton, an ancient block of crystalline rock, which was uplifted in the Tertiary and dissected by rivers. The craton is overlain by laterite deposits, which in places have decomposed into yellow sandplains, particularly on low hills. Steep-sided erosional gullies, known as breakaways, are common. Beecham, Brett (2001). "Avon Wheatbelt 2 (AW2 - Re-juvenated Drainage subregion)" in ''A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia’s 53 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002''. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Government of Western Australia, November 2001. Accessed 15 May 2022

/ref> In the south and west (the Katanning subregion), streams are mostly perennial, and feed rivers which drain westwards to empty into the Indian Ocean. In the centre, east, and north (Merredin subregion) there is no connected drainage. Here streams, which are remnants of ancient drainage systems, flow only during wet years, and drain to chains of salt lakes. Beecham, Brett (2001). "Avon Wheatbelt 1 (AW1 - Ancient Drainage subregion)" in ''A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia’s 53 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002''. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Government of Western Australia, November 2001. Accessed 15 May 2022

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Subregions

It has within it two subregions named after localities within the region: * Merredin, Western Australia, Merredin - AVW01 * Katanning - AVW02

Climate

The bioregion has a semi-arid

Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate ( ), also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen and Trewartha as ''Cs'', is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude). Such climates typic ...

, with hot, dry summers and mild winters, with most rainfall occurring in the winter months. The Avon Wheatbelt is generally drier than the Darling Scarp to the west.

Flora and fauna

Scrub-heath, characterized by shrubs in the

Proteaceae The Proteaceae form a family (biology), family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genus, genera with about 1,660 known species. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentr ...

family, are common on sandplains and lateritic uplands. These scrub-heaths are species-rich, and include many endemic plants. Mixed eucalypt woodlands with salmon gum ('' Eucalyptus salmonophloia'') and rock sheoak ('' Allocasuarina huegeliana''), and woodlands of jam ('' Acacia acuminata'') and York gum ('' Eucalyptus loxophleba''), are found on granite-derived soils and the alluvial soils of plains and stream valleys. There are smaller areas of wandoo woodland. The Wongan Hills are a range of flat-topped hills, dissected by steep gullies, in the northern portion of the bioregion. They are the largest area of intact vegetation in the northern Wheatbelt. The hills are home to remnant woodlands of salmon gum, York gum, gimlet ('' Eucalyptus salubris''), and silver mallet ('' Eucalyptus falcata''), and low forest of jam (''Acacia acuminata''), plant communities were once widespread but now rare in the Wheatbelt. The hills are home to 90 species of birds. Plants endemic to the Wongan Hills include '' Acacia botrydion, Acacia pharangites, Acacia pygmaea, Banksia bella, Eremophila ternifolia, Philotheca wonganensis'', and '' Chenopodium aciculare''. Granite outcrops, like Boyagin Rock, Kokerbin Rock, and Yilliminning Rock, are important as seasonal habitats and refuges for native fauna. Some are home to some endemic species, including the tree '' Eucalyptus caesia'' endemic to Boyagin Rock and the lichens ''Paraparmelia sammyi'' and ''Paraparmelia sargentii'' endemic to Yilliminning Rock. Granite pools are home to 350 species of aquatic invertebrates, including 50 thought to be endemic to the Wheatbelt. Native mammals include the red-tailed phascogale (''Phascogale calura''), black-flanked rock-wallaby (''Petrogale lateralis lateralis''), western brush wallaby (''Macropus irma''), and

common brushtail possum The common brushtail possum (''Trichosurus vulpecula'', from the Ancient Greek, Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox", previously in the genus ''Phalangista'') is a nocturnal, semiarboreal marsupial of the family Phalangeridae ...

(''Trichosurus vulpecula''). Several other once-native mammals are now locally extinct. Native birds include malleefowl (''Leipoa ocellata''), Carnaby's black cockatoo (''Calyptorhynchus latirostris''), Baudin's black cockatoo (''Calyptorhynchus baudinii''), and Australian bustard (''Ardeotis australis''). Toolibin Lake is an important breeding area for waterbirds in the inland drainage systems of south-western Australia, particularly freckled duck (''Stictonetta naevosa'').

Land use

Much of the land is used for dryland farming, particularly wheat. Extensive areas have been converted to pasture for livestock grazing.

Protected areas

Less than 5% of the Avon Wheatbelt bioregion is in protected areas.