In the
neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defi ...
of
animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Biology, biological Kingdom (biology), kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, ...
s, an avian pallium is the dorsal
telencephalon
The cerebrum (: cerebra), telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres) as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olf ...
of a
bird's brain
The brain is an organ (biology), organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It consists of nervous tissue and is typically located in the head (cephalization), usually near organs for ...
. The subpallium is the ventral
telencephalon
The cerebrum (: cerebra), telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres) as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olf ...
.
The
pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman ''pallium'' or ''palla'', a woolen cloak; : pallia) is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropolitan bish ...
of
avian species tends to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the
hyperpallium, once called the ''hyperstriatum''. Evidence suggests the avian pallium's neuroarchitecture to be reminiscent of the
mammalian
A mammal () is a vertebrate animal of the Class (biology), class Mammalia (). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three ...
cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals. It is the largest site of Neuron, neural integration in the central nervous system, and plays ...
. The avian pallium has also been suggested to be an equivalent neural basis for
consciousness
Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of a state or object, either internal to oneself or in one's external environment. However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate among philosophers, scientists, an ...
.
A 2002 conference at
Duke University
Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...
(
Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium) established a standard nomenclature for describing the avian pallium as follows:
*
Pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman ''pallium'' or ''palla'', a woolen cloak; : pallia) is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropolitan bish ...
**
Pyriform cortex
The piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex, is a region in the brain, part of the rhinencephalon situated in the cerebrum. The function of the piriform cortex relates to the sense of smell.
Structure
The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephal ...
**
Olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (Latin: ''bulbus olfactorius'') is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell. It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex (OF ...
**
Hippocampus
The hippocampus (: hippocampi; via Latin from Ancient Greek, Greek , 'seahorse'), also hippocampus proper, is a major component of the brain of humans and many other vertebrates. In the human brain the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the ...
**Corticoid area
**
Hyperpallium
***Apicale
***Intercalatum
***Densocellulare
**Mesopallium
***Dorsale
***Ventrale
**
Nidopallium
The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also for other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomen ...
***Field L2
***Entopallium
***Basorostralis
**
Arcopallium
**Amygdaloid complex
***Posterior amygdala
***Nucleus taeniae
*Subpallium
**
Striatum
The striatum (: striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia. The striatum is a critical component of the motor and reward systems; receives glutamat ...
***
Lateral
Lateral is a geometric term of location which may also refer to:
Biology and healthcare
* Lateral (anatomy), a term of location meaning "towards the side"
* Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, an intrinsic muscle of the larynx
* Lateral release ( ...
***
Medial
Medial may refer to:
Mathematics
* Medial magma, a mathematical identity in algebra Geometry
* Medial axis, in geometry the set of all points having more than one closest point on an object's boundary
* Medial graph, another graph that repr ...
**
Pallidum
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a major component of the subcortical basal ganglia in the brain. It consists of two adjacent segments, one external (or lateral), known in rodents simply as the globus p ...
***Globus pallidus or dorsal pallidum
***
Ventral pallidum
The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is an output nucleus whose fibres project to thalamic nuclei, such as the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the medial dorsal nucleus ...
Notable researchers
*
Stanley Cobb
Stanley Cobb (December 10, 1887 – February 25, 1968) was a neurologist and could be considered "the founder of biological psychiatry in the United States".
Early life
Cobb was born on December 10, 1887, in Brookline, Massachusetts, to John Cand ...
*
Onur Güntürkün
*
Andrew Iwaniuk
See also
*
Bird intelligence
The difficulty of defining or measuring intelligence in non-human animals makes the subject difficult to study scientifically in birds. In general, birds have relatively large brains compared to their head size. Furthermore, bird brains have two ...
*
Animal intelligence
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals, including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influ ...
*
Avian brain
The avian brain is the central organ of the nervous system in birds. Birds possess large, complex brains, which Information processing (psychology), process, Information integration, integrate, and coordinate information received from the environ ...
References
External links
*{{cite journal , last1=Jarvis , first1=Erich D. , authorlink1=Erich Jarvis, last2=Güntürkün , first2=Onur , authorlink2=Onur Güntürkün, last3=Bruce , first3=Laura , last4=Csillag , first4=András , last5=Karten , first5=Harvey , last6=Kuenzel , first6=Wayne , last7=Medina , first7=Loreta , last8=Paxinos , first8=George , last9=Perkel , first9=David J. , last10=Shimizu , first10=Toru , last11=Striedter , first11=Georg , last12=Wild , first12=J. Martin , last13=Ball , first13=Gregory F. , last14=Dugas-Ford , first14=Jennifer , last15=Durand , first15=Sarah E. , last16=Hough , first16=Gerald E. , last17=Husband , first17=Scott , last18=Kubikova , first18=Lubica , last19=Lee , first19=Diane W. , last20=Mello , first20=Claudio V. , last21=Powers , first21=Alice , last22=Siang , first22=Connie , last23=Smulders , first23=Tom V. , last24=Wada , first24=Kazuhiro , last25=White , first25=Stephanie A. , last26=Yamamoto , first26=Keiko , last27=Yu , first27=Jing , last28=Reiner , first28=Anton , last29=Butler , first29=Ann B. , title=Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution , journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience , date=February 2005 , volume=6 , issue=2 , pages=151–159 , pmid=15685220, doi=10.1038/nrn1606, pmc=2507884
Bird neuroanatomy