In the
neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defin ...
of
animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...
s, an avian pallium is the dorsal
telencephalon
The cerebrum, telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb ...
of a
bird's brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It consists of nervous tissue and is typically located in the head ( cephalization), usually near organs for special ...
. The subpallium is the ventral
telencephalon
The cerebrum, telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb ...
.
The
pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman ''pallium'' or ''palla'', a woolen cloak; : ''pallia'') is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropoli ...
of
avian
Avian may refer to:
*Birds or Aves, winged animals
* Avian (given name) (russian: Авиа́н, link=no), a male forename
Aviation
*Avro Avian, a series of light aircraft made by Avro in the 1920s and 1930s
* Avian Limited, a hang glider manufactu ...
species tends to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the
hyperpallium, once called the ''hyperstriatum''.
A 2002 conference at
Duke University (
Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium
Avian may refer to:
* Birds or Aves, winged animals
*Avian (given name) (russian: Авиа́н, link=no), a male forename
Aviation
*Avro Avian, a series of light aircraft made by Avro in the 1920s and 1930s
*Avian Limited, a hang glider manufactur ...
) established a standard nomenclature for describing the avian pallium as follows:
*
Pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman ''pallium'' or ''palla'', a woolen cloak; : ''pallia'') is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropoli ...
**
pyriform cortex
The piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex, is a region in the brain, part of the rhinencephalon situated in the cerebrum. The function of the piriform cortex relates to the sense of smell.
Structure
The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalo ...
**
olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (Latin: ''bulbus olfactorius'') is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell. It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex (O ...
**
hippocampus
The hippocampus (via Latin from Greek , ' seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, ...
**
corticoid area
**
hyperpallium
***
apicale
***
intercalatum
***
densocellulare
**
mesopallium
***
dorsale
***
ventrale
**
nidopallium
The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also for other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomen ...
***
field L2
Field may refer to:
Expanses of open ground
* Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes
* Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport
* Battlefield
* Lawn, an area of mowed grass
* Meadow, a grass ...
***
entopallium
***
basorostralis
**
arcopallium
The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and ...
**
amygdaloid complex
Amygdaloid, derived from the ancient Greek for almond, may refer to:
* The amygdala in the brain
* Any shape resembling an almond nut
* Amygdule, or amygdale, a mineral filled vesicle in volcanic rock, ''amygdaloidal'' texture
* Amygdaloid Island ...
***
posterior amygdala
Posterior may refer to:
* Posterior (anatomy), the end of an organism opposite to its head
** Buttocks, as a euphemism
* Posterior horn (disambiguation)
* Posterior probability, the conditional probability that is assigned when the relevant evi ...
***
nucleus taeniae
Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to:
*Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom
* Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA
Nucl ...
*
Subpallium
**
striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the striate nucleus), is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain. The striatum is a critical component of the motor and reward systems; receives glutamate ...
***
lateral
Lateral is a geometric term of location which may refer to:
Healthcare
*Lateral (anatomy), an anatomical direction
* Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
* Lateral release (surgery), a surgical procedure on the side of a kneecap
Phonetics
*Lateral co ...
***
medial
Medial may refer to:
Mathematics
* Medial magma, a mathematical identity in algebra Geometry
* Medial axis, in geometry the set of all points having more than one closest point on an object's boundary
* Medial graph, another graph that re ...
**
pallidum
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain. It consists of two adjacent segments, one external, known in rodents simply as the globus pallidus, and one internal, known in rod ...
***
globus pallidus or dorsal pallidum
Globus is Latin for '' sphere'' or '' globe''. It may also refer to:
Business
* Globus Medical, a medical device company in Audubon, PA
* Globus (clothing retailer), an Indian clothing retail store
* Globus (company), a Swiss department store ...
***
ventral pallidum
Notable researchers
*
Stanley Cobb
*
Onur Güntürkün
See also
*
bird intelligence
The difficulty of defining or measuring intelligence in non-human animals makes the subject difficult to study scientifically in birds. In general, birds have relatively large brains compared to their head size. The visual and auditory senses ar ...
*
animal intelligence
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influenc ...
References
External links
*{{cite journal , last1=Jarvis , first1=Erich D. , authorlink1=Erich Jarvis, last2=Güntürkün , first2=Onur , authorlink2=Onur Güntürkün, last3=Bruce , first3=Laura , last4=Csillag , first4=András , last5=Karten , first5=Harvey , last6=Kuenzel , first6=Wayne , last7=Medina , first7=Loreta , last8=Paxinos , first8=George , last9=Perkel , first9=David J. , last10=Shimizu , first10=Toru , last11=Striedter , first11=Georg , last12=Wild , first12=J. Martin , last13=Ball , first13=Gregory F. , last14=Dugas-Ford , first14=Jennifer , last15=Durand , first15=Sarah E. , last16=Hough , first16=Gerald E. , last17=Husband , first17=Scott , last18=Kubikova , first18=Lubica , last19=Lee , first19=Diane W. , last20=Mello , first20=Claudio V. , last21=Powers , first21=Alice , last22=Siang , first22=Connie , last23=Smulders , first23=Tom V. , last24=Wada , first24=Kazuhiro , last25=White , first25=Stephanie A. , last26=Yamamoto , first26=Keiko , last27=Yu , first27=Jing , last28=Reiner , first28=Anton , last29=Butler , first29=Ann B. , title=Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution , journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience , date=February 2005 , volume=6 , issue=2 , pages=151–159 , pmid=15685220, doi=10.1038/nrn1606, pmc=2507884
Bird neuroanatomy