The Australian scrub python (''Simalia kinghorni''), or simply scrub python is a
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...
of snake in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Pythonidae
The Pythonidae, commonly known as pythons, are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Ten genera and 42 species are currently recognized.
Distributi ...
. The species is indigenous to forests of northern
Australia. It is
one of the world's longest and largest snakes, and is the longest and largest in
Australia. Recently, it has been reclassified to the
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
''
Simalia
''Simalia'' is a genus of snakes in the Family (biology), family Pythonidae.
Taxonomy
''Simalia'' , was considered a taxonomic synonym of
*''Liasis'' (a genus of non-venomous pythons found in Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia) and
*''Morelia ...
'' alongside a few other former ''
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid) is a city and municipal seat of the municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and larg ...
'' species, but scientific debate over this continues.
Taxonomy
American herpetologist
Olive Griffith Stull
Olive Griffith Stull (Davis) (February 10, 1905 – June 15, 1969) was an American herpetologist.
Stull was born in Rochester, New York. She married Loy Davis in 1930, one year after completing her degree at the University of Michigan. She wor ...
described the taxon in 1933 from a specimen at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology
A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make thes ...
that had been collected at
Lake Barrine
Lake Barrine is a freshwater lake on the eastern parts of Atherton Tableland in the locality of Lake Barrine, in the Tablelands Region of Far North Queensland, Australia, close to Lake Eacham. The lake and surrounds are protected within the ...
in north Queensland, classifying it as a subspecies of the
amethystine python
The amethystine python (''Simalia amethistina'', formerly known as ''Morelia amethistina''), also known as the scrub python or ''sanca permata'' in Indonesian language, Indonesian, is a species of non-venomous snake in the Family (biology), fa ...
based on its larger number of scales. The
specific name, ''kinghorni'', is in honour of Australian herpetologist and ornithologist
James Roy Kinghorn. It was first raised to species status by
Wells and Wellington in 1984, and given the name ''Australiasis kinghorni''. American biologist Michael Harvey and colleagues investigated the amethystine python complex and confirmed its classification as a separate species based on cladistic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and morphology.
In 2014 cladistic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes of pythons and boas, R. Graham Reynolds and colleagues concluded that the support for its distinctness was weak.
Description
This snake is commonly considered arboreal or tree-dwelling, making it one of the world's largest and longest arboreal species of snakes. This snake has an ornate back pattern consisting of browns and tans, with many different natural variations. Its belly is usually white, sometimes with some yellows.
Size
''S. kinghorni'' exhibits an unusual
sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most an ...
among
pythons. Males are usually a third longer and twice as heavy. Females reach sexual maturity with a
snout-vent length of about while males reach sexual maturity with
snout-vent length of .
[A. Freeman, C. Bruce: ''The Things You Find on the Road: Roadkill and Incidental Data as an Indicator of Habitat Use in Two Species of Tropical Pythons''. In: R. W. Henderson, R. Powell (Hrsg.): ''Biology of the Boas and Pythons''. Eagle Mountain Publishing Company, Eagle Mountain 2007, , pp. 153–165.] On
Tully, a river about 140 km south of
Cairns, 24 adult females were measured. They had an average length from head to body of and a mass of . In the same place, 80 adult males had an average snout-vent length of and a weight of . Of these, the largest male had a head-to-body length of and a weight of .
In the past, data on the lengths of individuals longer than 6 meters were repeatedly mentioned in the literature, and all of them today can no longer be verified and cause serious doubts, in particular, in Fearn & Sambono (2000). The most extreme information comes from Worell, who reported in 1954 second-hand about an animal allegedly long from Greenhill in Cairns,
[ described it as in 1958 and repeatedly mentioned the same thing in 1963 under the first length. He leaves open the question of whether the mass refers to a corpse or to skin stretched more than . Dean also describes an extremely large specimen from Barron Falls in 1954 with a total length of , which, however, consisted of an artificially stretched frame that decomposed in the tropics for more than two days, though it was considered reliable by the staff of the '']Guinness Book of World Records
''Guinness World Records'', known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as ''The Guinness Book of Records'' and in previous United States editions as ''The Guinness Book of World Records'', is a reference book published annually, listing world ...
''. The largest female Australian scrub python, seriously measured to date, was caught in Palm Cove near Cairns in 2000, had a total length of , on the head and on the tail, a circumference in the middle of the body of and a weight of . The largest male seriously measured to date was discovered in Kuranda in 2002, its length was , of which the length of the head was , and the incomplete tail was , and the weight was .[S. L. Fearn: ''Notes on a maximal sized Scrub Python Morelia amethistina (Serpentes: Pythonidae) from Kuranda, North East Queensland''. Herpetofauna 32, 2002, pp. 2–3.] However, individuals are also known measured even more large sizes, some can weigh more than with a length of more than .
Distribution and habitat
''S. kinghorni'' in mostly is found in Northern Australia
The unofficial geographic term Northern Australia includes those parts of Queensland and Western Australia north of latitude 26° and all of the Northern Territory. Those local government areas of Western Australia and Queensland that lie p ...
, in Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, established_ ...
and Cape York Peninsula
Cape York Peninsula is a large peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoiled wilderness in northern Australia.Mittermeier, R.E. et al. (2002). Wilderness: Earth’s last wild places. Mexico City: Agrupación ...
. The species also occurs in several Islands of Torres Strait
The Torres Strait (), also known as Zenadh Kes, is a strait between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian ma ...
(e.g. Hinchinbrook). On the mainland, its range extends from the tip of the Cape York Peninsula
Cape York Peninsula is a large peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoiled wilderness in northern Australia.Mittermeier, R.E. et al. (2002). Wilderness: Earth’s last wild places. Mexico City: Agrupación ...
south along the coastal rainforest through the Atherton Tableland, the forested eastern foothills of the Great Dividing Range, along the coast through Mount Speck to the Burdekin River
The Burdekin River is a river located in North and Far North Queensland, Australia. The river rises on the northern slopes of Boulder Mountain at Valley of Lagoons, part of the western slope of the Seaview Range, and flows into the Coral Sea a ...
south of Townsville
Townsville is a city on the north-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. With a population of 180,820 as of June 2018, it is the largest settlement in North Queensland; it is unofficially considered its capital. Estimated resident population, 30 ...
.[S. L. Fearn, D. Trembath: ''Southern distribution limits and a traslocated population of scrub python Morelia kinghorni (Serpentes: Pythonidae) in tropical Queensland''. Herpetofauna 36, Tom 2, 2006, pp. 85–87.] In 2004, an even more southern population was described in the Conway rainforest, south of Airlie Beach
Airlie Beach is a coastal locality in the Whitsunday Region of Queensland, Australia. In the , Airlie Beach had a population of 1,208 people.
Geography
Airlie Beach is one of many departure points for the Great Barrier Reef. Cruise ships visi ...
. Accurate information about the population size and possible connections with more northern populations is not yet available. However, it is assumed that it was installed in 1990 by adult animals that escaped from the local zoo, and has been successfully distributed since then living within various forests and more densely vegetated parts of the Australian bush.[
]
Diet
''S. kinghorni'' is one of the largest land predators in Australia, and depending on the habitat, age and size, the prey range can vary from small mammals, bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
s and reptiles to wallabies
A wallaby () is a small or middle-sized macropod native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand, Hawaii, the United Kingdom and other countries. They belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and so ...
. The basis of the diet consists of bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
s and mammals.[ Among them, for example, rainbow bee-eaters (''Merops ornatus''),][ ]bush rat
The bush rat or Australian bush rat (''Rattus fuscipes'') is a small Australian nocturnal animal. It is an omnivore and one of the most common indigenous species of rat on the continent, found in many heathland areas of Victoria and New South ...
s (''Rattus fuscipes''),[ northern quolls (''Dasyurus hallucatus''), spectacled flying fox (''Pteropus conspicillatus''), northern brown bandicoots (''Isoodon macrourus''),][ ]long-nosed bandicoot
The long-nosed bandicoot (''Perameles nasuta''), a marsupial, is a species of bandicoot found in eastern Australia, from north Queensland along the east coast to Victoria. Around long, it is sandy- or grey-brown with a long snouty nose. Omnivor ...
s (''Perameles nasuta'') and striped possums (''Dactylopsila trivirgata''). In addition, on the outskirts of settlements, the species repeatedly feeds on domestic poultry.[R. W. Martin: ''Field Observation of Predation on Bennett's Treekangaroo (Dendrolagus bennettianus) by an Amethystine Python (Morelia amethistina)''. Herpetological Review 26, Tom 2, 1995, pp. 74–76] Relatively often there is also predation of pythons on small wallaby species in particular agile wallabies (''Notamacropus agilis''), red-legged pademelon
The red-legged pademelon (''Thylogale stigmatica'') is a species of small macropod found on the northeastern coast of Australia and in New Guinea. In Australia it has a scattered distribution from the tip of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland to ...
s (''Thylogale stigmatica'') and Bennett's tree-kangaroos (''Dendrolagus bennettianus''). One of the largest animal victims documented to date was a adult mobile wallaby, which was swallowed by a female python long and weighing .[S. Fearn: ''Morelia amethistina (Scrub Python). Diet''. Herpetological Review 33, Tom 1, 2002, pp. 58–59]
In captivity
The Australian scrub python is somewhat rare in the pet trade outside of Australia. However, with captive breeding projects and hobbyists interested in the species, it is becoming more available, with its New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...
counterparts being much more available (especially in the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
).
Gallery
Image:MoreliaAmethestinaSkin_Cairns2011.jpg, A 3.2-m-long, intact Australian scrub python skin in Australia: The snake that shed this skin would be significantly shorter than 3.2 m, as the snake's skin is folded on top of and below each scale. This causes a shed skin to be almost twice as long as the snake that shed it.
Image:Amethystine_Python.jpg, ''S. kinghorni'' from the Bronx Zoo
The Bronx Zoo (also historically the Bronx Zoological Park and the Bronx Zoological Gardens) is a zoo within Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York. It is one of the largest zoos in the United States by area and is the largest metropolitan zoo in ...
in New York City
Image:Simalia kinghorni NorthQueensland.jpg, Wild ''S. kinghorni'', North Queensland
File:Amethystine python houseguest.JPG, Australian scrub python near Cooktown, Queensland
Cooktown is a coastal town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, the Endeavour, for repa ...
, Australia, 2014
File:Amethystine Python visiting.JPG, Australian scrub python visiting a kitchen at a home near Cooktown, Queensland
Cooktown is a coastal town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, the Endeavour, for repa ...
, Australia, 2014
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q783194
Apex predators
Reptiles described in 1933
Snakes of Australia
Pythonidae
Taxa named by Olive Griffith Stull