Biography
Early life and family
Aurelia Browder was born on January 29, 1919, in Montgomery, Alabama, where she resided her whole life. She was the sole economic support of her six children after she was widowed. She had several different careers throughout her life including working as aEducation
Browder completed high school in her thirties and eventually earned a bachelor's degree in science from Alabama State University. She graduated with honors and was in the National Alpha Kappa Mu Honor Society there. While at Alabama State University, Browder met Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, a professor in the English Department, fellow Civil Rights activist, and member of the Women's Political Council. Robinson inspired Browder to get involved and tackle the injustices in the transportation system, encouraging her to participate in the lawsuit proposed by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA).Involvement in civil rights
Prior to her involvement in the''Browder v. Gayle''
Arrest and filing of case
Aurelia Browder was arrested on April 19, 1955, almost eight months before the arrest ofPlaintiffs and Defendants
''Browder v. Gayle'' was filed listing five plaintiffs—Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, Jeanetta Reese, and Mary Louise Smith. Browder was picked as the lead plaintiff because of her age. Two of the other plaintiffs were teenagers, and the other two were senior citizens. Browder was 37 at the time, putting her in the middle of the other plaintiffs and a good representation of all of them. Jeanetta Reese withdrew from the case soon after it was filed because of intimidation from the white community. W. A. Gayle, the Mayor of Montgomery, was the namesake defendantGarrow, David J. (1989). The Walking City. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing Inc. pp. 607–609, 261–278. along with Montgomery's chief of police, Montgomery's Board of Commissioners representatives, Montgomery City Lines, Inc., two bus drivers, and Alabama Public Service Commission representatives.Ruling and aftermath
On June 5, the judges released their decision: segregated buses violated the equal protection and due process guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment and were therefore unconstitutional. The City of Montgomery could not enforce any law "which may require plaintiffs or any other Negroes similarly situated to submit to segregation in the use of bus transportation facilities in the City of Montgomery." Both the city and the state appealed this decision. On December 17, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the ruling, issuing a court order to the state of Alabama to desegregate its buses. While the Montgomery bus boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks, gained lasting national attention, it was Browder's court case that resulted in segregation laws being declared unconstitutional.Montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was not a spontaneous event; various organizations in Montgomery – including the NAACP, MIA, and Women's political council (WPC) — had been waiting for the right moment to begin protest. After several women, including the plaintiffs of Browder v. Gayle, refused to give up their seats on the bus, the spark for the boycott was ignited when Rosa Parks was arrested. The boycott, primarily led by Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, began on December 3, 1955, two days after Rosa Parks' arrest. The boycott lasted a little over a year and served as the face of the movement, gaining national attention and applying pressure on the courts to rule in favor of ending segregation. The less public side of the protest was Browder v. Gayle. The Montgomery Improvement Association filed Browder's case instead of Parks' because it would be able to skip being heard in the local courts. Rosa Parks' case would have had to go through local courts first, where the case might have stayed pending for years. By filing directly with the District Courts, they would also be able to achieve an injunction against the segregation law at the same time. The boycott ended with the ''Browder v. Gayle'' ruling, a fact often overlooked by history. While the Montgomery bus boycott gained lasting national attention, it was Browder's court case that resulted in segregation laws being declared unconstitutional.Later life
Browder continued to be an activist and involved with the NAACP, MIA and SCLC after her case was settled. She spent some time teaching veterans at the Loveless School and established her own business later in life she died on February 4 1971 at age 52. , Browder's son, Butler Browder, still lived in Montgomery. He felt that his mother's legacy had been overshadowed. In a 2005 article in the ''Montgomery Advertiser'' Butler wrote, "The truth is ''Browder vs. Gayle'' changed the laws that mandated bus segregation. If it weren't for that case and continued efforts to end segregation in this country, we might still be marching."Commemoration
In 2019 a statue ofSee also
*'' Browder v. Gayle'' * Claudette Colvin * Susie McDonald * Edgar Nixon * Mary Louise Smith * Viola WhiteReferences