The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an

astronomical interferometer An astronomical interferometer or telescope array is a set of separate telescopes, mirror segments, or radio telescope antenna (radio), antennas that work together as a single telescope to provide higher resolution images of astronomical objects ...

of 66

radio telescope A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky. Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy, which studies the radio frequency ...

s in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, which observe electromagnetic radiation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The array has been constructed on the elevation Chajnantor plateau - near the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. This location was chosen for its high elevation and low humidity, factors which are crucial to reduce noise and decrease signal attenuation due to Earth's atmosphere. ALMA provides insight on star birth during the early Stelliferous era and detailed imaging of local star and planet formation. ALMA is an international partnership amongst Europe, the United States, Canada,

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

, South Korea, Taiwan, and Chile. Costing about US$1.4 billion, it is the most expensive ground-based telescope in operation. ALMA began scientific observations in the second half of 2011 and the first images were released to the press on 3 October 2011. The array has been fully operational since March 2013.

Overview

The initial ALMA array is composed of 66 high-precision antennae, and operates at wavelengths of 3.6 to 0.32 millimeters (31 to 1000 GHz). The array has much higher sensitivity and higher resolution than earlier submillimeter telescopes such as the single-dish

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is a submillimetre-wavelength radio telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, US. The telescope is near the summit of Mauna Kea at . Its primary mirror is 15 metres (16.4 yards) across: it is the larg ...

or existing interferometer networks such as the

Submillimeter Array The Submillimeter Array (SMA) consists of eight diameter radio telescopes arranged as an interferometer for submillimeter wavelength observations. It is the first purpose-built submillimeter interferometer, constructed after successful interfe ...

or the ''

Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique An institute is an organisational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body. In some countries, institutes can ...

'' (IRAM) Plateau de Bure facility. The antennae can be moved across the desert plateau over distances from 150 m to 16 km, which will give ALMA a powerful variable "zoom", similar in its concept to that employed at the centimeter-wavelength Very Large Array (VLA) site in New Mexico, United States. The high sensitivity is mainly achieved through the large numbers of antenna dishes that make up the array. The telescopes were provided by the European, North American and East Asian partners of ALMA. The American and European partners each provided twenty-five 12-meter diameter antennae, for a subtotal of fifty antennae, that compose the main array. The participating East Asian countries are contributing 16 antennae (four 12-meter diameter and twelve 7-meter diameter antennae) in the form of the Atacama Compact Array (ACA), which is part of the enhanced ALMA. By using smaller antennae than the main ALMA array, larger fields of view can be imaged at a given frequency using ACA. Placing the antennae closer together enables the imaging of sources of larger angular extent. The ACA works together with the main array in order to enhance the latter's wide-field imaging capability.

History

ALMA has its conceptual roots in three astronomical projects — the Millimeter Array (MMA) of the United States, the Large Southern Array (LSA) of Europe, and the Large Millimeter Array (LMA) of Japan. The first step toward the creation of what would become ALMA came in 1997, when the

National Radio Astronomy Observatory The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is a federally funded research and development center of the United States National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. for the purpose of radio a ...

(NRAO) and the

European Southern Observatory The European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, commonly referred to as the European Southern Observatory (ESO), is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental research organisation made up of 16 mem ...

(ESO) agreed to pursue a common project that merged the MMA and LSA. The merged array combined the sensitivity of the LSA with the frequency coverage and superior site of the MMA. ESO and NRAO worked together in technical, science, and management groups to define and organise a joint project between the two observatories with participation by Canada and Spain (the latter became a member of ESO later). A series of resolutions and agreements led to the choice of "Atacama Large Millimeter Array", or ALMA, as the name of the new array in March 1999 and the signing of the ALMA Agreement on 25 February 2003, between the North American and European parties. ("Alma" means "soul" in Spanish and "learned" or "knowledgeable" in Arabic.) Following mutual discussions over several years, the ALMA Project received a proposal from the

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan The (NAOJ) is an astronomical research organisation comprising several facilities in Japan, as well as an observatory in Hawaii and Chile. It was established in 1988 as an amalgamation of three existing research organizations - the Tokyo Astron ...

(NAOJ) whereby Japan would provide the ACA (Atacama Compact Array) and three additional receiver bands for the large array, to form Enhanced ALMA. Further discussions between ALMA and NAOJ led to the signing of a high-level agreement on 14 September 2004 that makes Japan an official participant in Enhanced ALMA, to be known as the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 6, 2003 and the ALMA logo was unveiled. During an early stage of the planning of ALMA, it was decided to employ ALMA antennae designed and constructed by known companies in North America, Europe, and Japan, rather than using one single design. This was mainly for political reasons. Although very different approaches have been chosen by the providers, each of the antenna designs appears to be able to meet ALMA's stringent requirements. The components designed and manufactured across Europe were transported by specialist aerospace and astrospace logistics company Route To Space Alliance, 26 in total which were delivered to Antwerp for onward shipment to Chile.

Funding

ALMA was initially a 50-50 collaboration between the

and

(ESO) and later extended with the help of the other Japanese, Taiwanese, and Chilean partners. ALMA is the largest and most expensive ground-based astronomical project, costing between US$1.4 and 1.5 billion. (However, various space astronomy projects including the Hubble Space Telescope, the

James Webb Space Telescope The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope which conducts infrared astronomy. As the largest optical telescope in space, its high resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Spa ...

, and several major planet probes have cost considerably more). ;Partners *

and the European Regional Support Centre * National Science Foundation via the

and the North American ALMA Science Center * National Research Council of Canada *

(NAOJ) under the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) * ALMA- Taiwan at the

Academia Sinica Academia Sinica (AS, la, 1=Academia Sinica, 3=Chinese Academy; ), headquartered in Nangang, Taipei, is the national academy of Taiwan. Founded in Nanking, the academy supports research activities in a wide variety of disciplines, ranging from ...

Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics (ASIAA) * Republic of Chile

Construction

The complex was built primarily by European, U.S., Japanese, and Canadian companies and universities. Three prototype antennae have undergone evaluation at the Very Large Array since 2002. General Dynamics C4 Systems and its SATCOM Technologies division was contracted by Associated Universities, Inc. to provide twenty-five of the 12 m antennae, while European manufacturer Thales Alenia Space provided the other twenty-five principal antennae (in the largest-ever European industrial contract in ground-based astronomy). Japan's

Mitsubishi Electric , established on 15 January 1921, is a Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the core companies of Mitsubishi. The products from MELCO include elevators an ...

was contracted to assemble NAOJ's 16 antennae. The antennae were delivered to the site from December 2008 to September 2013.

Transporting the antennae

Transporting the 115 tonne antennae from the Operations Support Facility at 2900 m altitude to the site at 5000 m, or moving antennae around the site to change the array size, presents enormous challenges; as portrayed in the television documentary ''Monster Moves: Mountain Mission''. The solution chosen is to use two custom 28-wheel self-loading heavy haulers. The vehicles were made by in Germany and are 10 m wide, 20 m long and 6 m high, weighing 130 tonnes. They are powered by twin

turbocharged In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pro ...

500 kW Diesel engines. The transporters, which feature a driver's seat designed to accommodate an oxygen tank to aid breathing the thin high-altitude air, place the antennae precisely on the pads. The first vehicle was completed and tested in July 2007. Both transporters were delivered to the ALMA Operations Support Facility (OSF) in Chile on 15 February 2008. On 7 July 2008, an ALMA transporter moved an antenna for the first time, from inside the antenna assembly building (Site Erection Facility) to a pad outside the building for testing (holographic surface measurements). ALMA transporter known as Otto

During Autumn 2009, the first three antennae were transported one-by-one to the Array Operations Site. At the end of 2009, a team of ALMA astronomers and engineers successfully linked three antennae at the elevation observing site thus finishing the first stage of assembly and integration of the fledgling array. Linking three antennae allows corrections of errors that can arise when only two antennae are used, thus paving the way for precise, high-resolution imaging. With this key step, commissioning of the instrument began 22 January 2010. On 28 July 2011, the first European antenna for ALMA arrived at the Chajnantor plateau, 5,000 meters above sea level, to join 15 antennae already in place from the other international partners. This was the number of antennae specified for ALMA to begin its first science observations, and was therefore an important milestone for the project. In October 2012, 43 of the 66 antennae had been set up.

Scientific results

Images from initial testing

By the summer of 2011, sufficient telescopes were operational during the extensive program of testing prior to the Early Science phase for the first images to be captured. These early images gave a first glimpse of the potential of the new array that will produce much better quality images in the future as the scale of the array continues to increase. The target of the observation was a pair of colliding galaxies with dramatically distorted shapes, known as the Antennae Galaxies. Although ALMA did not observe the entire galaxy merger, the result is the best submillimeter-wavelength image ever made of the Antennae Galaxies, showing the clouds of dense cold gas from which new stars form, which cannot be seen using visible light.

Comet studies

On 11 August 2014, astronomers released studies, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) for the first time, that detailed the distribution of HCN, HNC, H₂CO, and dust inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON).

Planetary formation

An image of the protoplanetary disc surrounding

HL Tauri HL Tauri (abbreviated HL Tau) is a very young T Tauri star in the constellation Taurus, approximately from Earth in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. The luminosity and effective temperature of imply that its age is less than 100,000 years. ...

(a very young T Tauri star in the constellation Taurus) was made public in 2014, showing a series of concentric bright rings separated by gaps, indicating protoplanet formation. , most theories did not expect planetary formation in such a young (100,000-1,000,000-year-old) system, so the new data spurred renewed theories of protoplanetary development. One theory suggests that the faster accretion rate might be due to the complex magnetic field of the protoplanetary disc.

Event Horizon Telescope

ALMA participated in the Event Horizon Telescope project, which produced the first direct image of a

black hole A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravitation, gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other Electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts t ...

, published in 2019.

Phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus

ALMA participated in the claimed detection of phosphine, a biomarker, in the air of Venus. As no known non-biological source of phosphine on Venus could produce phosphine in the concentrations detected, this would have indicated the presence of biological organisms in the atmosphere of Venus. However, this theory has since been overturned, and a reanalysis indicates that there is no phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus.

Global collaboration

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in Europe by the

(ESO), in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and in East Asia by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan (NINS) in cooperation with the

(AS) in Taiwan. ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of Europe by ESO, on behalf of North America by the

(NRAO), which is managed by Associated Universities, Inc (AUI) and on behalf of East Asia by the

(NAOJ). The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA. Its current director since February 2018 is

Sean Dougherty Sean Dougherty is a Canadian astrophysicist who has been involved in a large number of radio astronomical facilities, both Canadian and international. Dougherty obtained a degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Nottingham in 1 ...

ALMA regional centre (ARC)

The ALMA regional centre (ARC) has been designed as an interface between user communities of the major contributors of the ALMA project and the JAO. Activates for operating the ARC have also divided into the three main regions involved (Europe, North America and East Asia). The European ARC (led by ESO) has been further subdivided into ARC-nodes located across Europe in Bonn-Bochum-Cologne, Bologna, Ondřejov, Onsala, IRAM (Grenoble), Leiden and JBCA (Manchester). The core purpose of the ARC is to assist the user community with the preparation of observing proposals, ensure observing programs meet their scientific goals efficiently, run a help-desk for submitting proposals and observing programs, delivering the data to principal investigators, maintenance of the ALMA data archive, assistance with the calibration of data and providing user feedback.

Project detail

* At least 50 antennae of 12 m diameter located at an elevation of 5,000 m at Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, enhanced by a compact array of 4 x 12 m and 12 x 7 m antennae (in 2006, consortium considered whether to build 50 or 64 of the 12 m ones
After a Tough Year, ALMA's Star Begins to Rise at Last
* Imaging instrument in all atmospheric windows between 350 μm and 10 mm * Array configurations from approximately 150 m to 14 km * Spatial resolution of 10 milliarcseconds (10⁻⁷ radians), 10 times better than the Very Large Array (VLA) and 5 times better than the Hubble Space Telescope, but still considerably lower than the resolution achieved with optical and infrared interferometers. * The ability to image sources arcminutes to degrees across at one arcsecond resolution * Velocity resolution under 50 m/s * Faster and more flexible imaging instrument than the Very Large Array * Largest and most sensitive instrument in the world at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths * Point source detection sensitivity 20 times better than the Very Large Array * Data reduction system will be CASA (Common Astronomy Software Applications) which is a new software package based on AIPS++

Atacama Compact Array

The Atacama Compact Array, ACA, is a subset of 16 closely separated antennae that will greatly improve ALMA's ability to study celestial objects with a large angular size, such as molecular clouds and nearby galaxies. The antennae forming the Atacama Compact Array, four 12-meter antennae and twelve 7-meter antennae, were produced and delivered by Japan. In 2013, the Atacama Compact Array was named the Morita Array after Professor Koh-ichiro Morita, a member of the Japanese ALMA team and designer of the ACA, who died on 7 May 2012 in Santiago.

Work stoppage

In August 2013, workers at the telescope went on strike to demand better pay and working conditions. This is one of the first strikes to affect an astronomical observatory. The work stoppage began after the observatory failed to reach an agreement with the workers' union. After 17 days an agreement was reached providing for reduced schedules and higher pay for work done at high altitude. In March 2020, ALMA was shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also delayed the cycle 8 proposal submission deadline and suspended public visits to the site.

Project timeline

Videos and gallery

File:2012 ALMA Video Compilation.ogv, Video compilation showing various aspects of ALMA. File:Visualisation of ALMA as an interferometer.ogv, This artist's rendering of the ALMA array on the Chajnantor plateau shows how, as an interferometer, ALMA acts like a single telescope with a diameter as large as the distance between its individual antennae (represented by the blue circle). File:ALMA by Leonardo Testi.ogg, A talk on the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), by Leonardo Testi. File:ESOcast 51 All Systems Go for Highest Altitude Supercomputer.ogv, ESOcast 51: Video report about the ALMA correlator. (in HD) File:Scenes from the ALMA Inauguration day.ogv, This video clip shows the distinguished guests, including the President of Chile, Sebastián Piñera, arriving at the ALMA Operations Support Facility (OSF), located at an altitude of 2900 meters in the Atacama Desert in Chile for the inauguration of the giant telescope. The guests are shown with one of the giant ALMA transporters as well as other components. File:The ALMA Inauguration.ogg, Share the excitement of the inauguration ceremony and contemplate the breathtaking images from ALMA itself and views of its unique environment in the Atacama Desert. File:ISS Astronauts Congratulate ALMA Partners.ogg, This video shows ISS astronauts congratulating the ALMA Partners on the occasion of its inauguration. File:The movie ALMA — In Search of our Cosmic Origins.ogv, This 16-minute video presents the history of ALMA from the origins of the project several decades ago to the recent first science results. (in HD) File:ALMA from the Air.ogg, This video begins near the ground of the Chajnantor Plateau, at 5000 meters altitude in the Chilean Andes, and later takes in views of the 58 antennae that make up the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. File:ALMA Operations and the Magellanic Clouds.ogg, Time-lapse video at the ALMA Array Operations Site (AOS). File:ALMA aerial view.webm, A drone camera flies overhead the ALMA observatory, showing the 66 telescopes that make up the array in the wilderness of Chile's Atacama desert. File:The final ALMA antenna is handed over to the observatory.ogg, On 30 September 2013 the final ALMA antenna was handed over to the ALMA Observatory. This video shows the antenna being moved on the giant transporter called "Otto". The 12-meter-diameter dish was manufactured by the European AEM Consortium and also marks the successful delivery of a total of 25 European antennae — the largest ESO contract so far. File:ALMA 2012 Relocation Compilation.ogv, ALMA 2012 relocation compilation. Image:A view across the plains of Chajnantor with the ALMA construction site at the centre.jpg, A view across the plains of Chajnantor with the ALMA construction site at the center. File:The final ALMA antenna arrives at Chajnantor.ogg, The final antenna for the project is here seen arriving to the high site at the observatory, 5000 meters above sea level. File:ALMA Transporter.png, The 130-ton ALMA antenna transporter "Otto" during its naming ceremony. File:ALMA en route to Chajnantor (Load).jpg, ALMA en route to Chajnantor (Load) File:ALMA en route to Chajnantor (Scale).jpg, ALMA en route to Chajnantor (Scale) File:Alma antenna in transit.jpg, Image of telescope in transit at the Site Erection Facility. File:ALMA en route to Chajnantor (Landscape).jpg, ALMA en route to Chajnantor File:ALMA en route to Chajnantor (Portrait).jpg, ALMA en route to Chajnantor File:ALMA Antenna Transporter Inspection.jpg, A worker inspects a transporter. File:Arrival of First Three Japanese Antennas.jpg, Arrival of First Three Japanese Antennae File:Positioning an Antenna at 5000 Metres.jpg, Positioning an Antenna at 5000 Meters File:Moonrise above the 12 metres wide access road to the ALMA High Site.jpg, Moonrise above the 12 meter wide access road to the ALMA High Site. File:ALMA antenna moves.ogg, ALMA antenna moves. File:The ALMA Residencia.jpg, ALMA Residencia. File:Looking over to the ALMA site from APEX.jpg, Looking over to the ALMA site from APEX. File:ALMA Site (artist's impression).jpg, ALMA site File:A Digital Highway to ALMA.jpg, A Digital Highway to ALMA.

References

External links

Official ALMA site

NRAO ALMA site

UK ALMA site

ESO ALMA site

by

NAOJ The (NAOJ) is an astronomy, astronomical research organisation comprising several facilities in Japan, as well as an observatory in Hawaii and Chile. It was established in 1988 as an amalgamation of three existing research organizations - the To ...

*
ALMA Antennas Collect First Data
, '' BBC'', 17 November 2009.
How the Huge ALMA Radio Telescope Works (Infographic)
'' Space.com'', 12 March 2013.
''Into Deep Space: The Birth of the Alma Observatory''

An optical system design for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array
SPIE Newsroom, 5 June 2014.
CBS News' "60 Minutes" program
original broadcast on 9 March 2014, rebroadcast on 27 July 2014. Bob Simon is the correspondent. Michael Gavshon and David Levine, producers. {{Authority control Astronomical observatories in Chile Atacama Desert Radio telescopes Submillimetre telescopes Interferometric telescopes National Science Foundation European Southern Observatory Articles containing video clips 2011 establishments in Chile