Asterina (fungus)
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''Asterina'' is a large
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the
Asterinaceae The Asterinaceae are a family of fungi in the class Asterinales. Genera This is a list of the genera in the Asterinaceae, based on a 2021 review and summary of fungal classification by Wijayawardene and colleagues. Following the genus name is th ...
family. It was then placed in ''
Asterinales Asterinales is an order of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species. Wijayawardene et al. ...
'' order later. The genus was circumscribed by French mycologist
Joseph-Henri Léveillé Joseph-Henri Léveillé (28 May 1796 – 3 February 1870) was a French physician and mycologist who was a native of Crux-la-Ville, in the department of Nièvre. Léveillé studied medicine and mycology at the University of Paris, and in 1824 rec ...
in 1845. The genus was originally introduced as a member of the ''Sphaeriaceae'' family (a former family with parasitic fungi having globose and sometimes necked or beaked
perithecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascoc ...
) with four species; ''Asterina azarae'', ''Asterina compacta'', ''Asterina pulla'' and the type ''Asterina melastomatis''. It is currently the largest genus in Asterinaceae family, but only nine species have
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...
sequence data available in
GenBank The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a par ...
due to its unculturable character. Species in the genus generally have circular thyriothecia (an inverted
ascocarp An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascoc ...
) with stellate dehiscence (division), lateral appressoria (infecting cell), globose asci (sexual spore), and dark brown, 1-septate (wall)
ascospores In fungi, an ascospore is the sexual spore formed inside an ascus—the sac-like cell that defines the division Ascomycota, the largest and most diverse division of fungi. After two parental nuclei fuse, the ascus undergoes meiosis (halving of ...
. The generally have
cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en ...
, worldwide. Including China, New Zealand, Kenya, India, and Panama (South America).


Hosts

They are generally are found as pathogens on plants, such as ''Asterina gaiadendricola'' is found on '' Gaiadendron punctatum'' (
Loranthaceae Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are '' Nuytsia floribunda'' (the ...
family) and ''Asterina schlegeliae'' on '' Schlegelia parviflora'' ( Schlegeliaceae), ''Asterina consobrina'' on '' Solanum aphyodendron''
Solanaceae Solanaceae (), commonly known as the nightshades, is a family of flowering plants in the order Solanales. It contains approximately 2,700 species, several of which are used as agricultural crops, medicinal plants, and ornamental plants. Many me ...
), ''Asterina fuchsiae'' on '' Fuchsia paniculata'' (
Onagraceae The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and treesPhenax mexicanus'' (
Urticaceae The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', ramie (''Boehmeria ...
). While both ''Asterina manihotis'' and ''Asterina ciferriana'' were both found on '' Caesalpinia bonduc'', (
Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...
). Six species (''Asterina indodeightonii'', ''Asterina mioconsobrina'', ''Asterina miosphaerelloides'', ''Asterina neocombreticola'', ''Asterina neoelaeocarpi'' and ''Asterina presaracae''), where found on fossil
angiosperm Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit ...
leaf remains recovered from the Siwalik sediments (mid-Miocene to early Pleistocene) of Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern Himalayas. Found on plant genera resembling the genera of '' Actinodaphne'' (Lauraceae), '' Anthocephalus'' (Rubiaceae), ''
Combretum ''Combretum'', the bushwillows or combretums, make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae. The genus comprises about 272 species of trees and shrubs, most of which are native to Tropics, tropical and southern Africa, about 5 to Madagascar ...
'' (Combretaceae), ''
Lindera Dried fruits of ''Lindera neesiana'' used as spice (coll. MHNT) ''Lindera'' is a genus of about 80–100Unona'' (Annonaceae).


Species

, the
GBIF The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the ...
lists up to 740 species, while
Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
lists about 727 species (out of 931 records). About 1,085 species were accepted by Wijayawardene et al. in 2020.


Selected species

*'' Asterina adeniicola'' *'' Asterina advenula'' *'' Asterina canthiigena'' *'' Asterina ceropegiae'' *'' Asterina champereiicola'' *'' Asterina congesta'' *'' Asterina congregata'' *'' Asterina connectilis'' *'' Asterina consobrina'' *'' Asterina corallopoda'' *'' Asterina coriacella'' *'' Asterina daphniphyllicola'' *'' Asterina delitescens'' *'' Asterina enicostemmatis'' *'' Asterina erebia'' *'' Asterina euryae'' *'' Asterina flacourtiae'' *'' Asterina fragillissima'' *'' Asterina funtumiae'' *'' Asterina gaiadendricola'' *'' Asterina gamsii'' *'' Asterina geniostomatis'' *'' Asterina girardiniae'' *'' Asterina glycosmidigena'' *'' Asterina glycosmidis'' *'' Asterina glyptopetali'' *'' Asterina guaranitica'' *'' Asterina gymnemae'' *'' Asterina hainanensis'' *'' Asterina hederae'' *'' Asterina himantia'' *'' Asterina hydrocotyles'' *'' Asterina hyptidicola'' *'' Asterina indecora'' *'' Asterina jahnii'' *'' Asterina jasmini'' *'' Asterina lauracearum'' *'' Asterina lawsoniae'' *'' Asterina laxiuscula'' *'' Asterina ligustricola'' *'' Asterina lobulifera'' *'' Asterina loranthigena'' *'' Asterina madikeriensis'' *'' Asterina mahoniae'' *'' Asterina malloti-apeltae'' *'' Asterina manihotis'' *'' Asterina melastomatis'' *'' Asterina miliusae'' *'' Asterina mimusopsidicola'' *'' Asterina myrsinacearum'' *'' Asterina nodulosa'' *'' Asterina nyanzae'' *'' Asterina orbicularis'' *'' Asterina oreocnidegena'' *'' Asterina orthosticha'' *'' Asterina parsonsiae'' *'' Asterina phoebeicola'' *'' Asterina phoebes'' *'' Asterina phoradendricola'' *'' Asterina phyllanthigena'' *'' Asterina plectranthi'' *'' Asterina polygalae'' *'' Asterina pouzolziae'' *'' Asterina prataprajii'' *'' Asterina psychotriicola'' *'' Asterina pulchella'' *'' Asterina quarta'' *'' Asterina ramonensis'' *'' Asterina randiae-benthamianae'' *'' Asterina rhodomyrti'' *'' Asterina sarcandrae'' *'' Asterina sawadai'' *'' Asterina schimae'' *'' Asterina schlegeliae'' *'' Asterina scleropyri'' *'' Asterina scruposa'' *'' Asterina solanicola'' *'' Asterina sponiae'' *'' Asterina stipitipodia'' *'' Asterina sublibera'' *'' Asterina suttonii'' *'' Asterina systema-solare'' *'' Asterina talacauveriana'' *'' Asterina tenella'' *'' Asterina tetracericola'' *'' Asterina tetrazygiicola'' *'' Asterina toddaliicola'' *'' Asterina torulosa'' *'' Asterina toxocarpi'' *'' Asterina tylophorae-indicae'' *'' Asterina veronicae'' *'' Asterina viburni''


References

Asterinaceae Taxa named by Joseph-Henri Léveillé Taxa described in 1845 {{Dothideomycetes-stub