This is a list of
sovereign states
A sovereign state is a State (polity), state that has the highest authority over a territory. It is commonly understood that Sovereignty#Sovereignty and independence, a sovereign state is independent. When referring to a specific polity, the ter ...
by their ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' (; ; ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with '' de facto'' ('from fa ...
'' systems of government, as specified by the incumbent regime's
constitutional law
Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in ...
. This list does not measure the degree of
democracy
Democracy (from , ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitiv ...
,
political corruption
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain. Forms of corruption vary but can include bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influen ...
, or
state capacity
State capacity is the ability of a government to accomplish policy goals, either generally or in reference to specific aims. More narrowly, state capacity often refers to the ability of a state to collect taxes, enforce law and order, and provide p ...
of governments.
Parliamentary systems
Constitutional monarchies
These are systems in which the
head of state
A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 "he head of state
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (letter), the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads
* He (pronoun), a pronoun in Modern English
* He (kana), one of the Japanese kana (へ in hiragana and ヘ in katakana)
* Ge (Cyrillic), a Cyrillic letter cal ...
being an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of sta ...
is a
constitutional monarch
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. ...
; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by
constitutional law
Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in ...
.
Systems in which a
prime minister
A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
is the active head of the
executive branch
The executive branch is the part of government which executes or enforces the law.
Function
The scope of executive power varies greatly depending on the political context in which it emerges, and it can change over time in a given country. In ...
of government. In some cases, the prime minister is also the leader of the
legislature
A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial power ...
, while in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature (although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a
vote of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fi ...
). The head of state is a
monarch
A monarch () is a head of stateWebster's II New College Dictionary. "Monarch". Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. Life tenure, for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest ...
who normally only exercises their powers with the consent of the government, the people and/or their representatives (except in emergencies, e.g. a constitutional crisis or a political deadlock).
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Parliamentary republics
In a
parliamentary republic
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the Executive (government), executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). ...
, the
head of government
In the Executive (government), executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presid ...
is selected or nominated by the legislature and is also accountable to it. The
head of state
A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 "he head of state
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (letter), the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads
* He (pronoun), a pronoun in Modern English
* He (kana), one of the Japanese kana (へ in hiragana and ヘ in katakana)
* Ge (Cyrillic), a Cyrillic letter cal ...
being an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of sta ...
is usually called a
president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film and television
*'' Præsident ...
and (in full parliamentary republics) is separate from the head of government, serving a largely apolitical, ceremonial role. In these systems, the head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In mixed republican systems and
directorial republican systems, the head of government also serves as head of state and is usually titled president.
In some full parliamentary systems, the head of state is directly elected by voters. Under other classification systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as
semi-presidential systems
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state. It differs from a parliamenta ...
as presidents are always attached to a political party and may have broad powers (despite their weak presidency). Full
parliamentary republican systems with presidents being purely ceremonial and neutral with no broad powers usually do not have a directly elected head of state and instead often use either an
electoral college
An electoral college is a body whose task is to elect a candidate to a particular office. It is mostly used in the political context for a constitutional body that appoints the head of state or government, and sometimes the upper parliament ...
or a vote in the legislature to appoint the president.
Parliamentary republics with directly elected ceremonial heads of state
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Parliamentary republics with indirectly elected ceremonial heads of state
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Parliamentary republics with an executive president
A combined head of state and head of government in the form of an
executive president
An executive president is the head of state who exercises authority over the governance of that state, and can be found in presidential, semi-presidential, and parliamentary systems.
They contrast with figurehead presidents, common in most parlia ...
is either elected by the legislature or by the voters from among candidates nominated by the legislature (in the case of Kiribati),
[ and they must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents" in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other ]parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of t ...
s.
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Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
Presidential systems
In presidential system
A presidential, strong-president, or single-executive system (sometimes also congressional system) is a form of government in which a head of government (usually titled " president") heads an executive branch that derives its authority and l ...
s a president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film and television
*'' Præsident ...
is the head of government
In the Executive (government), executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presid ...
, and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve purely at the discretion of the president.
Presidential republics without a prime minister
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Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
Presidential republics with a prime minister
The following countries have presidential systems where the post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's role is to mostly assist the president.
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* (see Prime Cabinet Secretary
The prime cabinet secretary of the Kenya, Republic of Kenya is a post in the executive arm of the Government of Kenya created on 27 September 2022.
History
On 27 September 2022, President William Ruto issued and signed Presidential Executive O ...
)
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* (see Chief minister
A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union ter ...
)
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Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
Hybrid systems
Semi-presidential republics
In a semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state. It differs from a parliament ...
a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature. It differs from a parliamentary system in that it has an executive president independent from the legislature; and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fi ...
.
President-parliamentary systems
In a president-parliamentary system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and the legislature.[
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Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
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Premier-presidential systems
In a premier-presidential system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to the legislature.[
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Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
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Assembly-independent republics
A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected by the legislature but is not held accountable to it (as is their cabinet), thus acting more independently from the legislature. They may or may not also hold a seat in the legislature.
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Directorial republic
In a directorial republic
A directorial system is a regime ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.
Current directorial systems
Countries with directorial heads of state sharing ceremonial fun ...
, a council jointly exercises the powers and ceremonial roles of both the head of state and the head of government collectively. The council is elected by the parliament but is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term. The president is a member of the directorial council in a ''primus inter pares
is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. It is typically used as an honorary title for someone who is formally equal to other members of their group but is accorded unofficial respect, traditionally owing to their seniority in office.
H ...
'' (first among equals) capacity and has no powers over other members of the directory.
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Semi-constitutional monarchies
The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.
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Theocratic republic
combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage, and a theocracy
Theocracy is a form of autocracy or oligarchy in which one or more deity, deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries, with executive and legislative power, who manage the government's ...
, with a Supreme Leader
A supreme leader or supreme ruler typically refers to powerful figures with an unchallenged authority, such as autocrats, dictators to spiritual and revolutionary leaders. Historic examples are Adolf Hitler () of Nazi Germany, Francisco ...
who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen for life by the elected Assembly of Experts
The Assembly of Experts (), also translated as the Assembly of Experts of the Leadership or as the Council of Experts, is the deliberative body empowered to appoint the Supreme Leader of Iran. All directly elected members must first be vetted ...
. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council
The Guardian Council (also called Council of Guardians or Constitutional Council, ) is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
The constitution ...
.
Absolute monarchies
Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of government.
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Non UN members or observers are in italics.
One-party states
States in which political power is ''by law'' concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (in contrast to states where a multi-party system
In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections. Multi-party systems tend to be more common in countries using proportional ...
formally exists, but this fusion is achieved anyway through election fraud or underdeveloped multi-party traditions).
* ( Communist Party leads eight minor political parties) (list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
)
* ( Communist Party) (list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
)
* (People's Front for Democracy and Justice
The People's Front for Democracy and Justice (, PFDJ) is the founding, ruling, and sole legal political party of the State of Eritrea. The successor to the Marxist–Leninist Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), the PFDJ regards itsel ...
) (list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
)
* (Workers' Party
Workers' Party is a name used by several political parties throughout the world. The name has been used by both organisations on the left and right of the political spectrum. It is currently used by followers of Marxism, Marxism–Leninism, Maoism ...
leads two minor parties) (list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
)
* ( People's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction) (list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
)
*' (Polisario Front
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro (Spanish language, Spanish: ; ), better known by its acronym Polisario Front, is a Sahrawi nationalism, Sahrawi nationalist liberation movement seeking to end the occupatio ...
)
* ( Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front) (list
A list is a Set (mathematics), set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of t ...
)
Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
Military juntas
A committee of the nation's military leaders controls the government for the duration of a state of emergency
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state before, during, o ...
. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these states; constitutional forms of government are stated in parentheses.
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Governments without a permanent constitution
Provisional governments
States that have a system of government that is in transition or turmoil. These regimes lack a permanent constitution.
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* Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...
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Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
Islamic theocracy
has a theocratic
Theocracy is a form of autocracy or oligarchy in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries, with executive and legislative power, who manage the government's daily a ...
system wherein the Supreme Leader
A supreme leader or supreme ruler typically refers to powerful figures with an unchallenged authority, such as autocrats, dictators to spiritual and revolutionary leaders. Historic examples are Adolf Hitler () of Nazi Germany, Francisco ...
holds unlimited political power and the Quran
The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...
is used in place of a constitution.
Systems of internal structure
Unitary states
A state
State most commonly refers to:
* State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory
**Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country
**Nation state, a ...
governed as a single power in which the central government
A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. Another distinct but sovereign political entity is a federal government, which may have distinct powers at various levels of government, authorized or deleg ...
is ultimately supreme and any administrative division
Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divi ...
s (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states
The United Nations comprise sovereign states and the world's largest intergovernmental organization. All members have equal representation in the UN General Assembly.
The Charter of the United Nations defines the rules for admission of ...
, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states.
Centralized unitary states
States in which most power is exercised by the central government. What local authorities do exist have few powers.
Regionalized unitary states
States in which the central government
A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. Another distinct but sovereign political entity is a federal government, which may have distinct powers at various levels of government, authorized or deleg ...
has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities, but where constitutional authority ultimately remains entirely at a national level.
* ( 59 districts, and 1 autonomous republic)
* ( 9 departments)
* ( 16 regions)
* ( 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 province-level municipalities, 2 special administrative regions, and 1 claimed province)
* ( 34 departments, and 1 capital district)
* ( 14 autonomous districts)
* ( 5 regions, and 2 self-governing territories)
* ( 19 regions, and )
* ( 18 regions, of which 5 are overseas regions
The overseas departments and regions of France (, ; DROM) are the five departments and regions of the French Republic which are located outside European France (also known as "metropolitan France"). These overseas entities have exactly the sam ...
)
* ( 9 regions, and 2 autonomous republics)
* ( 7 decentralized administrations, and 1 autonomous monastic state)
* ( 38 provinces, of which 9 have special status
Special or specials may refer to:
Policing
* Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force
* Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer
* Special police forces
...
)
* ( 6 districts, Judea and Samaria Area
The Judea and Samaria Area (; ) is an administrative division used by the State of Israel to refer to the entire West Bank, which has been occupied by Israel since 1967, but excludes East Jerusalem (see Jerusalem Law). Its area is split int ...
)
* ( 20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
* ( 47 prefectures)
* ( 17 regions, 3 cities with region rights)
* ( 47 counties)
* ( 4 constituent countries)
* ( 15 regions)
* ( 32 districts, 3 municipalities, and 2 autonomous territorial units)
* ( 16 regions, 1 self-administering territory, and 2 states in free association)
* ( 15 departments, 2 autonomous regions)
* ( 10 counties, 1 autonomous city, 2 integral overseas areas, 3 dependencies)
* ( 20 provinces, 1 autonomous region, and 1 national capital district)
* (25 regions
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and ...
, and 1 province
A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...
)
* ( one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions)
* ( 16 voivodeships)
* ( 18 districts, and 2 autonomous regions)
* ( 6 districts, and )
* ( 29 districts, 2 autonomous provinces (one of which is a partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state), and 1 autonomous city)
* ( 9 provinces, and 1 capital territory)
* ( 9 provinces)
* ( 8 provinces, 6 special cities, and 1 autonomous province)
* ( 17 autonomous communities, 15 communities of common-regime, 1 community of chartered regime, 3 chartered provinces, 2 autonomous cities)
* ( 9 provinces)
* ( 3 regions, 1 autonomous region, and 1 capital city)
* ( 21 regions, and )
* ( 9 regions, 1 autonomous island, 3 boroughs, and 2 cities)
* ( 24 oblasts, 2 cities with special status, and )
* ( 4 countries – , , Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ; ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It has been #Descriptions, variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares Repub ...
and , of which 3 have devolved governments – Scotland
Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...
, Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ; ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It has been #Descriptions, variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares Repub ...
and Wales
Wales ( ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the England–Wales border, east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic ...
)
* ( 3 regions, 1 independent city, and one autonomous republic: )
Federation
States in which the national government shares power with regional governments with which it has legal or constitutional parity. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional governments.
* ( 23 provinces and one autonomous city)
* ( six states, two self-governing territories and eight directly-administered territories)
* ( nine states)
* ( three regions and three linguistic communities)
* ( two entities and one district that is a condominium of the two entities)
* ( 26 states and the Federal District
A federal district is a specific administrative division in one of various federations. These districts may be under the direct jurisdiction of a federation's national government, as in the case of federal territory (e.g., India, Malaysia), or the ...
)
* ( ten provinces and three territories)
* ( 10 regions and 2 chartered cities)
* ( 16 states)
* ( 28 states and 8 union territories)
* ( 18 governorates and one region: )
* ( 13 states and three federal territories)
* ( 32 states)
* (, , and )
* ( seven provinces)
* ( 36 states and one federal territory: Federal Capital Territory)
* ( 4 provinces, 2 autonomous territories and 1 federal territory)
* ( 46 oblasts, 21 republics, nine krais, four autonomous okrugs, two federal cities, one autonomous oblast)
* (Saint Kitts
Saint Kitts, officially Saint Christopher, is an island in the West Indies. The west side of the island borders the Caribbean Sea, and the eastern coast faces the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Kitts and the neighbouring island of Nevis constitute one ...
, )
* ( six federal member states)
* ( ten states)
* ( 17 states)
* ( 26 cantons)
* ( seven emirates)
* ( 50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district: )
* ( 23 states, one capital district, and the )
European Union
The exact political character of the European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...
is debated, some arguing that it is (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation
A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a political union, union of partially federated state, self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a #Federal governments, federal government (federalism) ...
or a confederation
A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states united for purposes of common action. Usually created by a treaty, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issu ...
. It has elements of intergovernmentalism
In international relations, intergovernmentalism treats states (and national governments in particular) as the primary actors in the integration process. Intergovernmentalist approaches claim to be able to explain both periods of radical change i ...
, with the European Council
The European Council (informally EUCO) is a collegiate body (directorial system) and a symbolic collective head of state, that defines the overall political direction and general priorities of the European Union (EU). It is composed of the he ...
acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism
A supranational union is a type of international organization and political union that is empowered to directly exercise some of the powers and functions otherwise reserved to states. A supranational organization involves a greater transfer ...
, with the European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the primary Executive (government), executive arm of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with a number of European Commissioner, members of the Commission (directorial system, informall ...
acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[For a more detailed discussion, see John McCormick, ''European Union Politics'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.]
See also
* List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government
* List of political systems in France
*List of current heads of state and government
This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government. In some cases, mainly in presidential systems, one leader is head of state and head of government. In other cases, mainly in semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the hea ...
Notes
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Countries By System of Government
System
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its open system (systems theory), environment, is described by its boundaries, str ...
Countries by form of government