''Asplenium'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of about 700

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

fern The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissue ...

s, often treated as the only genus in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Aspleniaceae The Aspleniaceae (spleenworts) are a family of ferns, included in the order Polypodiales. The composition and classification of the family have been subject to considerable changes. In particular, there is a narrow circumscription, Aspleniaceae ...

, though other authors consider ''

Hymenasplenium ''Hymenasplenium'' is one of three genera of ferns in the Aspleniaceae (spleenwort family), in the eupolypods II clade of the order Polypodiales. The others are '' Hemidictyum'' and ''Asplenium''. ''Hymenasplenium'' was segregated because it is ...

'' separate, based on

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

analysis of

DNA sequence A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...

s, a different chromosome count, and structural differences in the rhizomes. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

for the genus is ''

Asplenium marinum ''Asplenium marinum'' is a fern known as the sea spleenwort because of its preference for maritime habitats. Located around the coasts of Europe from Italy in the South to Norway in the North, its most Southern distribution extends to the Norther ...

''. The most common vernacular name is spleenworts, applied to the more "typical" species. '' A. nidus'' and several similar species are called

bird's-nest fern Bird's-nest fern is a common name applied to several related species of epiphytic ferns in the genus ''Asplenium ''Asplenium'' is a genus of about 700 species of ferns, often treated as the only genus in the family (biology), family Aspleniaceae, ...

s, the ''Camptosorus'' group is known as

walking fern Walking fern or creeping fern may refer to species of ferns that produce vegetative buds at the tips of their fronds which produce roots and plantlets that make the plant spread. The name "walking fern" derives from the fact that new plantlets gr ...

s, and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.

Etymology

From Neo-Latin, New Latin ''asplenium'' (“spleenworts”), Carolus Linnaeus, Linnaeus's adjustment of Latin ''asplenon'' (“spleenwort”), from Ancient Greek ἄσπληνον (''ásplēnon'', “spleenwort”), from ἀ- (''a-'', “un-”) + σπλήν (''splḗn'', “spleen”) + -ον (''-on'', “-um”), from its use to cure anthrax in livestock.

Taxonomy and genetics

Many groups of species have been separated from ''Asplenium'' as Segregate (taxonomy), segregate genera. These include ''Camptosorus'', ''Ceterach'', ''Phyllitis'', and ''Tarachia'', but these species can form hybrid (biology), hybrids with other ''Asplenium'' species and because of this are usually included in a more broadly defined ''Asplenium''. Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the taxonomic rank of order (biology), order as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order Polypodiales. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a clade informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II. It has been found that in some species, the chloroplast plastome, genome has Introduction to evolution, evolved in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard cladistic analyses unsuited to resolve the phylogeny of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated computational phylogenetics methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the mother spleenwort (''A. bulbiferum'') or ''Asplenium viviparum, A. viviparum'' which mainly asexual reproduction, reproduce asexually, essentially cloning themselves over and over again. While most are diploid or tetraploid, some species (e.g. ''Asplenium shuttleworthianum, A. shuttleworthianum'') are octoploid.

Uses

Both the scientific name and the common name "spleenwort" are derived from an old belief, based on the doctrine of signatures, that the fern was useful for ailments of the spleen, due to the spleen-shaped sorus, sori on the backs of the fronds. "-wort" is an ancient English term that simply means "plant" (compare German (language), German ''-wurz''). The plants were thought to cause infertility in women. Vitruvius relates the story of the name thus:

... certain pastures in Crete, on each side of the river Pothereus, which separates the two Cretan states of Gnosus and Gortyna. There are cattle at pasture on the right and left banks of that river, but while the cattle that feed near Gnosus have the usual spleen, those on the other side near Gortyna have no perceptible spleen. On investigating the subject, physicians discovered on this side a kind of herb which the cattle chew and thus make their spleen small. The herb is therefore gathered and used as a medicine for the cure of splenetic people. The Cretans call it ἄσπληνον.

A few of these ferns have some economic importance in the horticulture trade. The

s ('' A. nidus'' and several very similar, closely related species) are commonly found for sale as a house plant. The Australian mother spleenwort (''A. bulbiferum'') is sometimes available at greenhouses, and is of interest, along with the related ''Asplenium viviparum, A. viviparum'', for the many small bulblets borne on the fronds that may grow into new plants. This characteristic is also shared with the eastern North American

(''A. rhizophyllum'') and several Mexican species including ''Asplenium palmeri, A. palmeri''. The ebony spleenwort ''A. platyneuron'' is also sometimes sold in nurseries as a hardy plant. However, many spleenworts are epipetric or Epiphyte, epiphytic and difficult to cultivate. ''Asplenium'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ''Batrachedra bedelliella'' which feeds exclusively on ''A. nidus''. For diseases of ''Asplenium'', see List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae).

Selected species

* ''Asplenium adiantum-nigrum'' Carl Linnaeus, L. – black spleenwort (= ''A. lucidum'' Burm.f.) ** ''Asplenium adiantum-nigrum'' ssp. ''adiantum-nigrum'' ** ''Asplenium adiantum-nigrum'' ssp. ''serpentini'' (Tausch) Koch * ''Asplenium adulterinum'' Milde – ladder spleenwort * ''Asplenium aequibasis'' (C.Chr.) J.P.Roux * ''Asplenium aethiopicum'' (Burm.f.) Bech. * ''Asplenium africanum'' * ''Asplenium × alternifolium'' Wulf. * ''Asplenium anceps'' [Lowe ex Hook. et Grev. Page (1971)] * ''Asplenium angustum'' Sw. * ''Asplenium antiquum'' Makino * ''Asplenium arcanum'' A.R.Sm. * ''Asplenium ascensionis'' S.Watson * ''Asplenium attenuatum'' Sw. * ''Asplenium aureum'' (sometimes in ''Ceterach'') * ''Asplenium auritum'' R.Br. * ''Asplenium australasicum'' (J.Sm.) Hook. – crow's-nest fern ** ''Asplenium australasicum'' f. ''australasicum'' ** ''Asplenium australasicum'' f. ''robinsonii'' * ''Asplenium azoricum'' Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst. * ''Asplenium bifrons'' Sodiro * ''Asplenium billottii'' – lanceolate spleenwort * ''Asplenium bipinnatifidum'' * ''Asplenium brachycarpum'' * ''Asplenium bradleyi'' * ''Asplenium bulbiferum'' – mother spleenwort, hen and chickens fern, ''mouku'' (Māori language, Māori) * ''Asplenium carnarvonense'' - Brownsey * ''Asplenium caudatum'' * ''Asplenium ceterach'' – rustyback fern (sometimes in ''Ceterach'') * ''Asplenium chathamense'' Brownsey * ''Asplenium chihuahuense'' Baker * ''Asplenium compressum'' Sw. * ''Asplenium congestum'' C.Chr. * ''Asplenium corderoanum'' * ''Asplenium crinicaule'' * ''Asplenium cristatum'' * ''Asplenium cuneifolium'' Viv. (= ''A. forsteri'' ''auct. non'' Sadl.) – serpentine spleenwort * ''Asplenium cymbifolium'' * ''Asplenium daghestanicum'' H.Christ – Dagestanian spleenwort * ''Asplenium dalhousiae'' (sometimes in ''Ceterach'') * ''Asplenium dareoides'' * ''Asplenium daucifolium'' Lam. – Mauritius spleenwort * ''Asplenium difforme'' R.Br. * ''Asplenium fissum'' * ''Asplenium dimorphum'' Kunze – Norfolk Island Spleenwort * ''Asplenium divaricatum'' * ''Asplenium dregeanum'' * ''Asplenium × ebenoides'' R.R.Scott * ''Asplenium ecuadorense'' Stolze * ''Asplenium feei'' Kunze ex Fée * ''Asplenium fissum'' * ''Asplenium flabellifolium'' Cav. – Asplenium flabellifolium, necklace fern * ''Asplenium flaccidum'' G.Forst. – weeping spleenwort, hanging spleenwort * ''Asplenium fontanum'' (L.) Bernh. – smooth rock spleenwort * ''Asplenium forisiense'' – rock spleenwort * ''Asplenium formosum'' * ''Asplenium gemmiferum'' Schrad. * ''Asplenium × germanicum'' * ''Asplenium gueinzii'' Mett. * ''Asplenium goudeyi'' Lord Howe Island *''Asplenium haughtonii'' – Barn Fern * ''Asplenium hemionitis'' * ''Asplenium hermannii-christii'' Fomin – Hermann Christ's asplenium * ''Asplenium hookerianum'' Colenso * ''Asplenium hybridum'' * ''Asplenium incisum'' * ''Asplenium × jacksonii'' Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston, Alston – Jackson's spleenwort (sterile, triploid hybrid between ''Asplenium adiantum-nigrum'' and ''Asplenium scolopendrium'') * ''Asplenium × kenzoi'' - oni-hinokishida, cultivated in Japan * ''Asplenium komarovii'' - Akasawa * ''Asplenium laciniatum'' * ''Asplenium lamprophyllum'' Carse * ''Asplenium laserpitiifolium'' – Johnston River fern * ''Asplenium lepidum'' C.Presl * ''Asplenium listeri'' – Christmas Island spleenwort * ''Asplenium longissimum'' * ''Asplenium lucidum'' * ''Asplenium lunulatum'' – Hen-and-chicks * ''Asplenium lyallii'' * ''Asplenium macedonicum'' * ''Asplenium majoricum'' * ''

'' – sea spleenwort * ''Asplenium × microdon'' T Moore – Moore's spleenwort (hybrid between ''Asplenium scolopendrium'' and ''Asplenium obovatum'' subsp ''lanceolatum'') * ''Asplenium milnei'' Carruth * ''Asplenium montanum'' – mountain spleenwort * ''Asplenium musifolium'' * ''Asplenium nidus'' – bird's-nest fern * ''Asplenium normale'' * ''Asplenium obliquum'' * ''Asplenium oblongifolium'' Colenso – shining spleenwort (= ''A. lucidum'' ''auct. non'' Burm.f., ''sensu'' G.Forst.) * ''Asplenium obovatum'' * ''Asplenium obtusatum'' G.Forst. ** ''Asplenium obtusatum'' ssp. ''northlandicum'' (Brownsey) Ogle (possibly distinct species) ** ''Asplenium obtusatum'' 'Chile' (possibly distinct species, sometimes included in ''A. obliquum'') * ''Asplenium oligolepidum'' C.Chr. (= ''A. lucidum'' ''auct. non'' Burm.f., ''sensu'' G.Forst.) * ''Asplenium oligophlebium'' * ''Asplenium onopteris'' Carl Linnaeus, L. – western black spleenwort, Irish spleenwort (sometimes included in ''A. adiantum-nigrum'') * ''Asplenium pacificum'' * ''Asplenium paleaceum'' R.Br. – chaffy spleenwort * ''Asplenium palmeri'' * ''Asplenium parvum'' * ''Asplenium petrarchae'' * ''Asplenium pinnatifidum'' – lobed spleenwort * ''Asplenium planicaule'' * ''Asplenium platybasis'' Kunze ex Mett. * ''Asplenium platyneuron'' – ebony spleenwort * ''Asplenium polyodon'' G.Forst. – sickle spleenwort * ''Asplenium praemorsum'' * ''Asplenium prolongatum'' Hook. * ''Asplenium pteridoides'' Baker * ''Asplenium resiliens'' – black-stemmed spleenwort * ''Asplenium rhizophyllum'' – American walking fern (sometimes in ''Camptosorus'') * ''Asplenium richardii'' * ''Asplenium ruprechtii'' – Asian walking fern (sometimes in ''Camptosorus'') * ''Asplenium ruta-muraria'' Carl Linnaeus, L. – wall-rue * ''Asplenium rutifolium'' * ''Asplenium sagittatum'' – Mule's spleenwort (sometimes in ''Phyllitis'') * ''Asplenium sandersonii'' Hook. * ''Asplenium × sarniense'' Sleep Guernsey Spleenwort * ''Asplenium schizotrichum'' Copel. * ''Asplenium schweinfurthii'' * ''Asplenium scleroprium'' * ''Asplenium scolopendrium'' – hart's-tongue fern (sometimes in ''Phyllitis'') ** ''Asplenium scolopendrium'' var. ''americanum'' – American Hart's-tongue * ''Asplenium seelosii'' * ''Asplenium septentrionale'' – forked spleenwort, northern spleenwort * ''Asplenium septentrionale × trichomanes'' Wulf. * ''Asplenium serra'' * ''Asplenium serratum'' – wild bird's-nest fern * ''Asplenium sessilifolium'' * ''Asplenium shuttleworthianum'' Kunze * ''Asplenium simplicifrons'' F.Muell. * ''Asplenium splendens'' * ''Asplenium surrogatum'' P.S.Green * ''Asplenium tenerum'' G.Forst. * ''Asplenium terrestre'' * ''Asplenium theciferum'' (Kunth) Mett. * ''Asplenium thunbergii'' * ''Asplenium trichomanes'' – maidenhair spleenwort ** ''Asplenium trichomanes'' ssp. ''quadrivalens'' D.E. Meyer ** ''Asplenium trichomanes'' ssp. ''trichomanes'' ** Asplenium trichomanes subsp. coriaceifolium, ''Asplenium trichomanes'' subsp. ''coriaceifolium'' * ''Asplenium trilobum ''Cav. * ''Asplenium tutwilerae'' B.R.Keener & L.J.Davenport * ''Asplenium unisorum'' (Wagner) Viane * ''Asplenium vespertinum'' * ''Asplenium vieillardii'' Mett. * ''Asplenium virens'' * ''Asplenium viride'' – green spleenwort * ''Asplenium vittiforme'' * ''Asplenium viviparum'' * ''Asplenium yoshinagae'' Makino

References

{{Authority control Asplenium, Epiphytes Fern genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Etymology

Taxonomy and genetics

Uses

Selected species

See also

References