Ashide (;

Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese language, Chinese recorded in the ''Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expande ...

: *''ʔɑ-ʃɨ^Xtək̚''; Old Tibetan: ''A sha sde’'') was one of the dominant clans of Turkic Khaganate. This clan was also the conjugal clan of the Göktürk khagans' Ashina clan.

Origin

According to Zheng Qiao's 1161 Comprehensive Records (vol. 29), Ashide descended from an ancient ''Shǐshàn kèhán'' 始善可汗 (lit. "First Good

Khagan Khagan or Qaghan (Middle Mongol:; or ''Khagan''; ) or zh, c=大汗, p=Dàhán; ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan, Khaqan, Xagahn, Qaghan, Chagan, Қан, or Kha'an is a title of empire, im ...

"), whose identity remains unknown. H. W. Bailey, apud Golden (2018), noticed similarity between ''Ashide'' and Iranian *''xšaita'' ‘ruler’, cf. Sogd. '' xšēδ'', '' axšēδ'' ‘ruler’. Peter A. Boodberg derives both *''’âşitək'', whence ''Ashide'', and *''’âşinâ'', whence '' Ashina'', from one Proto-Turkic root *''aş-'' ("to cross mountain). Yury Zuev reconstructed

Old Turkic Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Kh ...

*''Aştak'', further from

Middle Persian Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg ( Inscriptional Pahlavi script: , Manichaean script: , Avestan script: ) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasania ...

''Azdahāg'', from

Avestan Avestan ( ) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian languages, Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family and was First language, originally spoken during the Avestan period, Old ...

'' Aži Dahāka'' "Serpent, Dragon", related to Azhdaha. The Ashide's status as the Ashina's conjugal clan is documented in the Youyang Zazu, which contains a myth that Ashina's ancestor Shemo fell in love with the sea-goddess west of the Ashide cave.

Notable members

The baga-tarkhan (military leader) of four Göktürk

khagan Khagan or Qaghan (Middle Mongol:; or ''Khagan''; ) or zh, c=大汗, p=Dàhán; ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan, Khaqan, Xagahn, Qaghan, Chagan, Қан, or Kha'an is a title of empire, im ...

s Tonyukuk and the mother of Chinese warlord An Lushan were both of Ashide origin.

Ashide and Ashina

Historian S. G. Klyashtorny said that originally Ashina and Ashide together were part of a dual system, well known among the Turkic and Mongolic peoples. Ashide chiefs bore the title Irkin ( Hanzi: 俟斤;

Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...

: ''Sijin'') common to tribal leaders in the Turkic Khaganate. However, their particular position is determined by kinship with the dynasty; it was no coincidence that one of Irkin Ashide tegin held the title 'the prince of the royal family'. The Ashide clan did not have a single source. The '' Tang Shu'' mentioned Da Ashide and Bayan Ashide; their tamgas differ from tamgas of Ashide. To the end of the 7th-8th centuries, it was probably more correct to speak about Ashide as one of the tribes of the khaganate, which together with Ashina was the main military and political support of the Turkic dynasty. Ashide leaders initiated the liberation revolt of the Turkuts (679-682) against the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...

Genetics

In 2015-2016, a

Fudan University Fudan University (FDU) is a public university, national public university in Yangpu, Shanghai, Yangpu, Shanghai, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education (China), Ministry of Education and is co-funded with the Shanghai Municipal ...

(Shanghai) study headed by ethnogenomist Wen Shao-Qing (文少卿) in China, ran tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup representatives from the aristocratic Turkic Ashide clan. They found a subclade of the Ashide clan had the haplogroup Q1a-L53.Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans
- Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, , Volume 3, No. 2 ,2 March 2016, P.154-157.

References

Bibliography

# Азат Абдысадыр уулу: Первые из тюрков. Тюркютские роды "Ашина" и "Ашидэ" # Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102. {{Göktürks Ashide Dynasties of Central Asia