Arphiini

Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae. Many species primarily inhabit xeric weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locusts:
* ''Locusta migratoria'': the migratory locust
* '' Chortoicetes terminifera'': the Australian plague locust
* ''Locustana pardalina'' the brown locust

These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwings that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium is extremely small or absent.

Defense

When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.

Tribes and genera

The ''Orthoptera Species File'' lists the following:

Tribe Acrotylini

Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia

# '' Acrotylus'' Fieber, 1853
# ''Pusana'' Uvarov, 1940

Tribe Anconiini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic)
# ''Anconia'' Scudder, 1876

Tribe Arphiini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America

# ''Arphia'' Stål, 1873
# ''Lactista'' Saussure, 1884 (synonym ''Rehnita'')
# ''Leuronotina'' Hebard, 1932
# ''Tomonotus'' Saussure, 1861

Tribe Bryodemini

Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia

# '' Andrea'' Mishchenko, 1989
# '' Angaracris'' Bei-Bienko, 1930
# '' Bryodema'' Fieber, 1853
# '' Bryodemacris'' Benediktov, 1998
# '' Bryodemella'' Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia)
# '' Compsorhipis'' Saussure, 1889
# '' Uvaroviola'' Bei-Bienko, 1930

Tribe Chortophagini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America

# ''Chimarocephala'' Scudder, 1875
# '' Chortophaga'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Encoptolophus'' Scudder, 1875
# '' Nebulatettix'' Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012
# '' Shotwellia'' Gurney, 1940

Tribe Epacromiini

Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia

# '' Aiolopus'' Fieber, 1853
# '' Demirsoyus'' Sirin & Çiplak, 2004
# '' Epacromius'' Uvarov, 1942
# ''Heteropternis'' Stål, 1873
# '' Hilethera'' Uvarov, 1923
# '' Jasomenia'' Bolívar, 1914
# ''Paracinema'' Fischer, 1853
# '' Parahilethera'' Zheng & Ren, 2007
# '' Platypygius'' Uvarov, 1942

Tribe Hippiscini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas

* ''Agymnastus'' Scudder, 1897
* '' Camnula'' Stål, 1873
* '' Cratypedes'' Scudder, 1876
* '' Hadrotettix'' Scudder, 1876
* ''Heliastus'' Saussure, 1884
* ''Hippiscus'' Saussure, 1861 (monotypic)
* '' Leprus'' Saussure, 1861
* '' Pardalophora'' Saussure, 1884
* '' Sticthippus'' Scudder, 1892
* '' Xanthippus (grasshopper)'' Saussure, 1884

Tribe Locustini

Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia

;subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825
# ''Locusta'' Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic)
# '' Oedaleus'' Fieber, 1853
# '' Psophus'' Fieber, 1853 - monotypic ''Psophus stridulus''
;subtribe undetermined
# '' Brunnerella'' Saussure, 1888
# '' Chifanicus'' Benediktov, 2001
# '' Gastrimargus'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Grammoscapha'' Uvarov, 1942
# ''Locustana'' Uvarov, 1921
# '' Pternoscirta'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Ptetica'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873
# '' Pyrgodera'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
# '' Scintharista'' Saussure, 1884

Tribe Macherocerini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic)
# '' Machaerocera'' Saussure, 1859

Tribe Oedipodini

Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia

# ''Celes (grasshopper)'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Mioscirtus'' Saussure, 1888
# '' Ochyracris'' Zheng, 1991
# ''Oedipoda'' Latreille, 1829
# '' Oedipodacris'' Willemse, 1932

Tribe Parapleurini

Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893 (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia

# '' Ceracris'' Walker, 1870
# '' Ceracrisoides'' Liu, 1985
# '' Formosacris'' Willemse, 1951
# '' Mecostethus'' Fieber, 1852
# '' Parapleurodes'' Ramme, 1941
# '' Stethophyma'' Fischer, 1853
# '' Yiacris'' Zheng & Chen, 1993

Tribe Psinidiini

Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America

* '' Derotmema'' Scudder, 1876
* ''Hippopedon'' Saussure, 1861 (synonym ''Platylactista'')
* ''Mestobregma'' Scudder, 1876
* '' Metator'' McNeill, 1901
* '' Psinidia'' Stål, 1873
* '' Trachyrhachys'' Scudder, 1876
* '' Trepidulus'' McNeill, 1901

Tribe Sphingonotini

Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia

# '' Conipoda'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Cophotylus'' Krauss, 1902
# '' Eusphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
# '' Eusphingonotus'' Bey-Bienko, 1950
# '' Heliopteryx'' Uvarov, 1914
# '' Helioscirtus'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Hyalorrhipis'' Saussure, 1884
# ''Microtes'' Scudder, 1900
# '' Phaeonotus'' Popov, 1951
# '' Pseudoceles'' Bolívar, 1899
# '' Quadriverticis'' Zheng, 1999
# '' Sphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
# '' Sphingonotus'' Fieber, 1852 - type species: '' Sphingonotus caerulans''
# '' Tetramerotropis'' Saussure, 1888
# '' Thalpomena'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Vosseleriana'' Uvarov, 1924

Tribe Trilophidiini

Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe)

# ''Trilophidia'' Stål, 1873

Tribe Trimerotropini

Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas
# ''Circotettix'' Scudder, 1876
# '' Conozoa'' Saussure, 1884
# '' Dissosteira'' Scudder, 1876
# '' Spharagemon'' Scudder, 1875
# ''Trimerotropis'' Stål, 1873

Tribe Tropidolophini

Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe)

# '' Tropidolophus'' Thomas, 1873 - monotypic ''Tropidolophus formosus''

Genera ''

incertae sedis''

* '' Angaracrisoides'' Gong & Zheng, 2003
* '' Asphingoderus'' Bei-Bienko, 1950
* '' Atympanum'' Yin, 1982
* '' Aulocaroides'' Werner, 1913
* '' Aurilobulus'' Yin, 1979
* ''Austroicetes'' Uvarov, 1925
* '' Brancsikellus'' Berg, 1899
* '' Chloebora'' Saussure, 1884
* '' Chondronotulus'' Uvarov, 1956
* ''Chortoicetes'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
* '' Crinita'' Dirsh, 1949
* '' Cyanicaudata'' Yin, 1979
* '' Diraneura'' Scudder, 1897
* '' Dittopternis'' Saussure, 1884
* '' Elmisia'' Dirsh, 1949
* '' Eokingdonella'' Yin, 1984
* '' Eremoscopus'' Bei-Bienko, 1951
* '' Eurysternacris'' Chopard, 1947
* '' Fitzgeraldia'' Uvarov, 1952
* '' Flatovertex'' Zheng, 1981
* '' Granada (insect)'' Koçak & Kemal, 2008
* '' Homoeopternis'' Uvarov, 1953
* '' Humbe (insect)'' Bolívar, 1882
* '' Jinabia'' Uvarov, 1952
* '' Kinshaties'' Zheng, 1977
* '' Leptopternis'' Saussure, 1884
* '' Mecistopteryx'' Saussure, 1888
* '' Morphacris'' Walker, 1870
* '' Nepalacris'' Balderson & Yin, 1987
* '' Oreacris'' Bolívar, 1911
* '' Promesosternus'' Yin, 1982
* '' Pseudaiolopus'' Hollis, 1967
* '' Pycnocrania'' Uvarov, 1941
* '' Pycnodella'' Descamps, 1965
* '' Pycnodictya'' Stål, 1873
* '' Pycnostictus'' Saussure, 1884
* '' Qualetta'' Sjöstedt, 1921
* '' Rashidia'' Uvarov, 1933
* '' Tibetacris'' Chen, 1964
* '' Tmetonota'' Saussure, 1884
* '' Zimbabwea'' Miller, 1949
* ''† Mioedipoda'' Stidham & Stidham, 2000
* ''† Nymphacrida'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
* ''† Oedemastopoda'' Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994

The genus '' Cibolacris'' was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus '' Stethophyma'' is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.
DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ,

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q30107